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RHINITIS
NURAIN BALQIS 260110152011
MOHD. SUFFIAN 260110152013
NUR SYAHIRAH 260110152016
LOLINDAH CHIN 260110152018
Allergic rhinitis is a diagnosis associated with a group of symptoms affecting the nose. These symptoms
occur when you breathe in something you are allergic to, such as dust, animal dander, or pollen
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INTRODUCTION
Nearly 8 percent of adults in the United States experience allergic rhinitis of
some kind, according to the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma &
Immunology (AAAAI).
Common symptoms include sneezing, stuffy nose, watery eyes, and a sore,
scratchy throat.
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Pathology
Sensitization to allergens
Antigen presenting cells (APCs), such as dendritic cells in the mucosal surface, process
allergens and present some peptides from allergens on the major histocompatibility complex
(MHC) class II molecule.
This MHC class II molecule and antigen complex take a role as the ligand of T-cell receptors
on Naive CD4+ T cells, which result in differentiation of Naive CD4+ T cells to allergen-
specific Th2 cell.
Activated Th2 cells secret several cytokines, which induce isotype switching of B cells to
produce specific IgE and proliferation of eosinophils, mast cells and neutrophils. Produced
antigen-specific IgE binds to high-affinity IgE receptors on mast cells or basophils.
Early and late reactions
Imaging studies used in the diagnosis and evaluation of allergic rhinitis include the
following:
Radiography
Computed tomography scanning: Can be very helpful for evaluating acute or chronic
sinusitis
Magnetic resonance imaging: Also can be helpful for evaluating sinusitis
TREATMEN
T
Treatments for allergic rhinitis include:
ANTIHISTAMINES
Medicines called antihistamines work well for treating allergy symptoms. They
may be used when symptoms do not happen often or do not last long.
CORTICOSTEROIDS
Nasal corticosteroid sprays are the most effective treatment for allergic rhinitis.
They work best when used nonstop, but they can also be helpful when used for
shorter periods of time.
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DECONGESTANTS
Decongestants
may also be helpful for reducing
symptoms such as nasal stuffiness.
Donot use nasal spray decongestants for more than 3
days.
OTHER MEDICINES
Leukotriene inhibitors are prescription medicines that
block leukotrienes. These are the chemicals the body
releases in response to an allergen that also trigger
symptoms.
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