MOTORS

BASIC DEFINITION

Electrical Mechanical
system Electric system

e, i Machine T, n

Motor
Energy flow
Generator

An electrical machine is link between an electrical

system and a mechanical system.
Conversion from mechanical to electrical: generator
Conversion from electrical to mechanical: motor
BASIC DEFINITION

Electrical
Machines

DC AC
machine machine

Synchronous Induction
machine machine

Machines are called AC machines (generators or

motors) if the electrical system is AC.
DC machines (generators or motors) if the electrical
system is DC.
 Ac motors

Three stationary pulsating magnetic fields

ia A` The three phase winding

produces three magnetic
Fc fields, which are spaced 120
C B apart physically.
When excited with three sine
Fa
C waves that are a 120 apart
Fb
`
in phase, there are three
B` pulsating magnetic fields.
A
Phase currents
ia ib ic The resultant of the three
magnetic fields is a rotating
t magnetic field.
Synchronous operation

Three
Three
phase
phaseACAC
current
current

Phase
Phase11
Coil
Coil11

Phase
Phase22
Coil
Coil22
Phase3
Phase3
Phase3
Phase3
Coil 3333
Coil
Coil
Coil
 AC motors

Since we are discussing about AC motors we are using in

elevators we are left with synchronous and Induction
(asynchronous) motors.

Induction(asynchronous) synchronous
high efficiency Very High efficiency

Lagging power factor We can choose lagging, unity or

leading power factor
Slower than stator field Same speed as stator field
rotation rotation
Speed variation with load Fixed speed

Magnetization by induction DC or Permanent magnet

Starting current high for low Starting current low with high
torque out put torque
Advantages of synchronous motors

- Saves energy and save space.

- High efficiency
- Reduced power consumption
- Reduced low speed vibration
- Reduces energy consumption and heat
output
- durability and reliability are better
 Synchronous motors

Even though Synchronous motors are more expensive than induction

motors due to the above superior characters ( like efficiency, durability
and higher power) synchronous motors are emerging in most
applications Including elevators.

The stator of a synchronous motor is identical to that of an induction

motor. However, unlike an induction motor, a magnetic field is created
by the rotor either through the use of permanent magnets or through a
rotor winding with slip rings and brushes. The presence of the
magnetic field on the rotor allows the rotor to move at synchronous
speed with the stator field.

120 f
N sy n c = Nrotor
P
 Synchronous motors

In our company the synchronous or the gearless machine we use

has a permanent magnet rotor synchronous motor. We call it
PMSM( permanent magnet synchronous motor)
Rotor field
ia A`

Fc
C B

Fa
C Stator field
Fb
B` `
A

Synchronous Motors such as PM motors are getting more popular

because of their high power density and high efficiency.
Starting Synchronous motors

When a synchronous machine is used as a motor, it is

not self-starting.
If the rotor field poles are excited by the field current
and the stator terminals are connected to the ac
supply, the motor will not start; instead, it vibrates.
Let consider two-pole synchronous machine connected
to a 3, 60 Hz ac supply. Stator currents will produce a
rotating field that will rotate at 3600 rpm in the air
gap.
Because of high inertia the rotor wont respond fast.
Starting Synchronous motors

Therefore, at this instant the rotor experiences a

counterclockwise torque tending to make it rotate in the direction
opposite to that of the stator poles.
The net torque on the rotor in one revolution will be zero, and
therefore the motor will not develop any starting torque.
The stator field is rotating so fast that the rotor poles cannot
catch up or lock onto it. The motor will not speed up but will
vibrate.

Because it not self-started, two methods are normally used to start a

synchronous motor:

1. Use a variable-frequency supply

2. Start the machine as an induction motor.
 Drives

In our case we use the first way of starting the motor which is
using VVVF drives.

They have the ability to convert the voltage and frequency of

the supply voltage with great efficiency. By doing that it
controls the speed, torque and direction of the rotating
magnetic field.
 Drives

In elevators, the controller generate signals to the drive to

control the motion of the elevator according to the
requirement of the person who uses it.

The signals include

1. Monte - up
2. Descente - down
3. PV low speed
4. GV- high speed
The remaining topic and controller will be covered in other
programs