3D SURVEY DESIGNING(P-1)

RACTICAL CONCEPTS OF GEOPHYSIC

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3D SURVEY DESIGNING
SPREAD

SYMMETRIC

ASYMMETRIC

ENDOFF
3D SPREAD OR PATCH
16 * 4
Cross-Line direction

Perpendicular to the receiver line direction (orientation)

In-Line direction
Parallel to the receiver line direction (orientation)
 SWATH

A swath is a set of receiver lines and salvos as shown

below
 SALVO

The salvo is a set of shot points recorded on the same

receiver lines using the same theoretical spread
 SEGMENT
Part of the salvo between two receiver lines
 SUB SURFACE COVERAGE
Reflection points

According to the 2D, the distance between the reflection

points is half of the distance between the receivers. But in 3D
we are recording in two directions, In line and Cross line. So
the distance between the reflection points is half of the
distance between the receivers (In line) and half of the
distance between the sources (Cross line).
If we see the source point, receiver point and reflection point
on a 2D view, we can notice easier that all sub-surface
distances are half of surface distances
SPREAD AND REFLECTORS POINTS
 Multiple coverage (Fold)

The Bin

The bin size is equal to the R/2 * S/2. Each theoretical

CMP location is the center of the bin.
R = Receiver spacing
S = Source spacing
BIN
BIN
BIN
CDP GRID
 FOLD

The number of reflections from the same Bin is known as Fold.

In-Line Fold
Fold = N * Receiver Interval / 2 * Source Line Interval
Cross-Line Fold
XLINE FOLD = NUMBER OF RECEIVER LINES/2
FULL FOLD = INLINE * XLINE
UN EVEN FOLD
IF INLINE OR XLINE FOLD IS NOT INTEGER
The fold taper = of the patch dimention FOLD TAPER OUT

FOLD TAPER IN
3D GEOMETRIES
1. BRICK
2. ZIGZAG
3. SQUARE
4. SPARSE 3D
5. DENSE 3D
6. 25,18 DEGREE INCLINED
Having the better offset distribution than
orthogonal geometry, it was invented to improve
the offsets.
This is popular in desert area
IF OFFSET DISTRIBUTION IS NOT GOOD IT
MAY GENERATE ACQUISITION FOOT PRINTS
3D ACQUISITION BY PARTS

TIE THE BLOCKS

LINE NUMBERING (SOURCE/RECEIVER)
SOURCE/RECEIVER NUMBERING
OVERLAPE OF SWATHS
MERGING OF THE BLOCKS
 FULL FOLD ARE * Full Spread

15

154
20
150

1520

0
0

PASSES THROUGH WELL

60
15

80
15
MINIMUM OFFSET
25 m
 MINIMUM OFFSET
1. The minimum offset should be small enough for Velocities of
shallow section

2. The only problem we will get noise at near offsets

3. It should not be longer than one group interval

4. It should be equal to the depth of shallowest

reflector
MAXIMUM OFFSET
Minimum far offset
Maximum Far Offset
NO TRACES WILL BE
MUTED, ALL TRACES WILL
BE STACK
 MAXIMUM OFFSET
1. Equal to the depth of the target horizon
2. The maximum usable reflection angle is about 25-30 degree
3. Increases the non hyperbolic path, which is not required
4. If multiple are problem in the area 120% increase of the target depth
5. By increasing the maximum offset we will increase the chance to over ride
the ambient noise on the signal , decreases the frequency of the data,need to
increase the charge size, increase of the charge size increase the chance to
increase multiples and source generating noise
6. It decreases the accuracy of nmo corrections based on hyperbolic
approximation.
7. Finally we can increase the Far offset up to the useable far offset, test through
modeling.
 MAXIMUM OFFSET

Ray tracing reveals where reflected energy turns

into refracted energy for each layer of interest
 RECEIVER INTERVAL

50 m

50 m
 RECEIVER INTERVAL
1. Near surface changes rapidly and it changes velocity so receiver interval should
be small.
2. For good static correction the requirement is two receiver groups per wavelength
3. Cable length

4. Subsurface Sample

5. FOLD = N*R INT /2*S INT

6. Migration
7. Low and high angle Faults

8. The interval should not be greater than the shortest wavelength

9. Helps to identify the lateral changes of geological features.
 SOURCE INTERVAL

50 m
50 m

25 m
50 m
 SOURCE INTERVA

1. Effects the fold

2. FOLD = N*R INT /2*S INT

3. Good way to keep Source interval same as Receiver interval