EFFECT OF ORTHOTROPY RATIO ON STRESS

CONCENTRATION FACTOR IN A COMPOSITE RECTANGULAR

PLATE WITH CENTRAL CIRCULAR HOLE UNDER
UNIDIRECTIONAL TENSILE LOADING

Under the guidance of Project by

Mrs.M.SHAILAJA Anjaneyulu.T
Assistant Professor & H.O.D 12JJ1D9503
Mechanical Engineering

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Hyderabad
College of Engineering
Nachupally (Kondagattu), Kodimial (Mdl), Karimnagar Dist -Telangana
 Outline

1) INTRODUCTION
2) SCOPE AND OBJECTIVE
3) THEORETICAL STUDY
4) FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS
5) RESULTS
6) CONCLUSIONS AND FURTHER SCOPE
1.INTRODUCTION
Composite laminates are widely used in engineering applications such as
aerospace, marine, automobile and mechanical
For reduction in weight and service requirements holes are introduced in
these laminates.
These discontinuities cause rise in stresses & causes stress concentration
which can lead to failure of laminate.
Major failures occurs due to crack initiation at points of maximum stress
concentration (Critical points)
Stress Concentration Factor
K = Max stress/ nominal stress

=
SCF in Isotropic and Orthotropic materials

Isotropic materials
K =f(geometry of hole)
& independent of material properties

Orthotropic materials

K =f(geometry of hole and material properties )

- properties change in diff directions which changes stress value

- orthotrophy ratio(E1/E2) is the key term involved in SCF of orthotropic
material
- Change in orthotrophy ratio value changes the SCF value
2. SCOPE AND OBJECTIVE

The objective of this work is to investigate the effect of orthotrophy ratio on

sensitivity of stress concentration around the circular hole of rectangular
plate

Problem Description

For analysis
Rectangular plate of size 200mm, 80mm and 4.522 mm thick with a circular
hole of dia d at centre
Three different types of materials (Isotropic, Glass-Epoxy and Graphite-
Epoxy)
Static loading of 10kN/mm2
Variables d/W =0.1 -0.8, E1/E2= 10 -80 are considered.
All cases are analyzed by Theoretical and Finite Element Analysis.
3.THEORECAL STUDY

a. Infinite rectangular plate -Stress concentration around a

circular hole -Isotropic material

In polar coordinates, treated as a plane stress theory of elasticity problem,

with applied stress the stresses are given as (Timoshenko and Goodier
1970)
 Orthotropicplate- Elastic constants
Coordinate System for Lamina and Laminates

axes {1, 2} be the coordinate axes

axes {L, T} be the principal elastic or material axis of the
single composite ply
 The ply elastic constants {E1, E2, G12, 12, 21} with respect to the {L,T}
system through the fallowing equations
 b. Infinite Anisotropic plate -Stress concentration around a circular hole

For an anisotropic plate containing a circular hole, Lekhnitskii introduces the formulae
for SCF

which shows K=f(elastic prop)

For an Orthotropic plate containing a circular hole

K=1+n
c. Stress concentration factor for finite width plate
for an Isotropic finite-width plate, with Heywood referance

K=f(d/W)only
d. Orthotropic finite-width plate
with Tan S.C. reference,

K=f(d/W and elastic properties)

 orthotropic ratio investigation

The orthpotropy ratio E1/E2 is defined as the ratio of elastic modulii in main
directions.

In this work the elastic modulus in width direction (E 2) is assumed to be

constant and E1 is varied.
4. FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS AND VALIDATION

Finite element analysis is carried out using ANSYS APDL (VERSION 14.5).
Element type : 4-node quadrilateral element SHELL181
SHELL 181 may be used for layered applications for modeling composite
shells or sandwich construction.
It is a four-node element with six degrees of freedom at each node
Mesh Generation : mapped mesh for accuracy
Boundary and Loading Conditions

The following boundary conditions are applied for the model.

Ux=0 for all the mesh nodal points located on the line X=0,

Uy=0 for all the mesh nodal points located on the line Y=0

Fig. 3.4 Loading and Boundary conditions Fig.3.5 Loading and Boundary conditions For quarter
model conditions For full model
Validation of Finite Element Model

Because the isotropic material properties are not different in main directions, this is used for improving
the FEM accuracy besides of orthotropic material.
Finite Element Analysis (FEA) results for isotropic plate

as it can be seen from table 3.4, the agreement between the FEM and theoretical solution for
isotropic plate is excellent. With this mind, we can further apply the model to the composite
property.
 5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

a. Infinite width rectangular plate Tangential stress distribution around a circular hole
Glass-Epoxy Laminate and isotropic:

Glass-Epoxy: Ply
 Graphite-Epoxy ply and Laminate
 Comparison of gross SCF for three different types of materials
with various load angles.

For isotropic K=3(constant)independent of material prop

For a composite plate K>3 or K<3 depending on the loading direction and
the fiber orientations.
laminated composite has lower SCF than the single ply and isotropic
material
 b. Effect of d/w ratio

Variation of SCF versus d/W ratio for Glass-Epoxy and Graphite-Epoxy materials with =0 0, 450, 900

For any fiber orientation/ load angle as d/w increase Kg increase and Kn decreases
change in variation of gross SCF is less up to d/W= 0.5 and after that high rise in gross SCF value.
Variation of net SCF is less compared to gross SCF for all d/W ratios.
 Comparison of theoretical SCF for isotropic and orthotropic
plates
Comparing Eqs. (2.34) and (2.37), we can find that the first part of Eq. (2.37)
is identical to Eq. (2.34)

It suggests that if the second part of Eq. (2.37) is much smaller than the first
part, i.e. Eq. (2.34), the differences in the SFs for isotropic plates and
orthotropic plates are very small. This comparison is given in Fig.
In Fig A2 represents the second part of Eq. (2.33) and A1 represents the first part of
Eq. (2.33),
For d/W is less than 0.5 , A2 can be always neglected and hence the SFs for isotropic
plates can be also used for orthotropic plates.
When d/W is larger than 0.5, the applicable range would depend on the actual values
of K.
C. Orthpotropy ratio effect
FEA results: The distribution of stresses/stress contours around circular holes for
different orthotropic ratios as shown in Figure 4.11 to 4.12
Graphite -Epoxy Laminate
 Glass -Epoxy Laminate
Orthpotropy ratio effect for various load angles
Glass-Epoxy

Graphite -Epoxy
From Figures ,for Graphite -Epoxy ply and Glass -Epoxy ply

When = 900, as the E1/E2ratio increases, the stress concentrations also

increase
. When = 900 and E1/E2=80, it reaches maximum value 0f 74.43. for
Graphite -Epoxy and maximum value 0f 24.31 for Glass -Epoxy ply

when values =00 to 450, the stress concentrations were not affected too much
by the change in the E1/E2ratio.

For both laminates When = 450, as the E1/E2ratio increases, the stress
concentrations also increase. When = 450 and E1/E2=80, it reaches
maximum value 0f 43.37 and 21.21

when values =00 and =900, the stress concentrations were not affected too
much by the change in the E1/E2ratio.
Comparison of analytic and FE method results

From fig 4.21difference between the analytical and FE results for d/W =0.4 have little
difference for various orthpotropy ratio (difference < 7%), but with increasing the d/W
ratio this difference increases.
In low orthpotropy ratio the difference between analytical and FE results have a little difference,
but this difference increases with increasing orthpotropy ratio
 Orthpotropy ratio effect for various d/W ratios
According to this fig the higher orthpotropy ratio have a higher SCF
In addition, the variation of SCF respect to d/W ratio in high orthpotropy ratio
is higher than at low orthpotropy ratio.

The important observation s regarding the graph of this figure is that all
curves converge together with increasing the d/W ratio.
Indeed, with increasing the d/W ratio, the effect of orthpotropy ratio on net
SCF is decreased.

The net SCF for low orthpotropy ratio is near to each other and increasing this
ratio the difference of d/W curves.

The various d/W curves are converged to each other with low ratio.
In addition, with increasing the d/W ratio, the variation of orthpotropy ratio
has little effect on the net SCF. This effect is also shown in figure.
 Concluding remarks

Case 1 - stress distribution in isotropic and orthotropic plates

.
Anisotropic plate theory was used to calculate the anisotropic SCF for
composite ply and laminated HiMAT plate each of which contained a
circular hole.

The analysis showed that the SCF could be greater or less than 3 for
anisotropic materials(3 is the SCF for isotropic materials) and the locations
of the maximum tangential stress points could shift with the change fiber
orientation in relation to the loading axis.

Also it was found that through the lamination process the SCF could be
reduced drastically, and thereby the structural performance could be
improved.
 Case 2-effect of d/W ratio
For any fiber orientation/ load angle gross SCF increases and net SCF
decreases with increase of d/W ratio for all materials.

For all fiber orientation/ load angle Maximum gross SCF obtained for d/W=
0.8 and minimum gross SCF obtained for d/W= 0.1.

Maximum net SCF obtained for d/W= 0.1 and minimum net SCF obtained for
d/W= 0.8.

For all Fig, change in variation of gross SCF is less up to d/W= 0.5 and after
that high rise in gross SCF value.

Variation of net SCF is less compared to gross SCF for all d/W ratios.
 Case 3-effect of orthpotropy ratio

Higher orthpotropy ratio have a higher SCF

Variation of SCF respect to d/W ratio in high orthpotropy ratio is

higher than at low orthpotropy ratio

With increasing the d/W ratio, the effect of orthpotropy ratio on net
SCF is decreased
Further work to be done on

Failure analysis of composite plates can be included

This work is mainly for uni-axial tensile forces in an elastic range.

Other cases such as uni-axial compressive forces and bi-axial
tensile and/or compressive forces should be considered for the
future work.
THANK YOU.