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Ship Dynamics

Ocean Wave Mechanics


Why conduct seakeeping
analysis?

Determine the motions of a design in conditions it is likely


to encounter
Is the vessel going to survive?
Can the vessel carry out specified task or mission?
Decide if motions are acceptable:
Slamming, Deck Wetness, Speed Loss, Human Performance, Ride
Control

Decide which design is going to perform the best:


Design selection, marketing
Seakeeping
Analysis

Expected Sea
Conditions
Seakeeping
Analysis

Expected Sea
Conditions

Resultant Vessel
Motions
Seakeeping
Analysis

Expected Sea
Conditions

Resultant Vessel compare Seakeeping


Motions Design Criteria
Expected Sea Conditions
HOW TO MODEL OCEAN
WAVES
Wind generated wave
systems
The size of the wave system is dependent on the
following factors
Wind Strength (Wind Speed) :
The faster the wind speed, the larger the energy transfer
to the sea.
Larger waves are generated by strong winds.
Wind Duration :
The longer wind blows, the greater the time the sea has
to become fully developed at that wind speed.
Water Depth :
Wave heights are affected by water depth.
Waves traveling to beach will turn into breaking wave by
a depth effect.
Fetch
Fetch is the area of water that is being influenced by the
wind.
The larger the fetch, the more efficient the energy
transfer between wind and sea.
Wave creation sequence

Wi Small Wave or dying out


nd
En (Wind energy <Dissipation Energy)
erg Ripple
y
(high freq.)
Fully Developed Wave
(Wind energy =Dissipation Energy)
Energy Dissipation
due to viscous friction
Wind energy >Dissipation Energy

Swell (low frequency long wave)


Regular Waves:
Definitions

Origin & conventions


Crest, Trough, Amplitude (a ), Height (H= 2 a )
Wave length (), Wave Period (T)
Wave steepness = H/
Zero crossings
Wave number (k=2/ ); Circular frequency (=
2/ T)
Phase velocity (c = /T = /k)
Basic Categories
Deep water waves (short waves)
The water is considered to be deep if the
water depth, h, is more than half the
wavelength,
Thus, h/ > 1/2 or /h < 2
These (relatively) short waves do not feel
the sea floor.
Shallow water waves (long waves)
The water is considered to be shallow if the
water depth, h, is less than 1/20 of the
wave length,
Thus, h/ < 1/20 or /h > 20.
The sea floor has a very large influence on
the characteristics of these (relatively) long
waves.
Linear Wave theory
Progressive harmonic
wave:
= a cos(kx- t)
Linear wave theory:
water surface slope is
very small
Wave steepness is small
Harmonic displacements,
velocities, accelerations
& pressures have linear
relation with wave
surface elevation
Profile of such a wave
looks like sine/ cosine
Motion of water particle
Linear Wave Theory
Assumptions
1. the sea water is incompressible;
2. there is no viscosity, i.e., the sea
water is inviscid;
3. there is no surface tension;
4. no fluid particle turns around itself,
i.e., the motion is irrotational;
5. the wave amplitude is much
smaller than the wavelength.
Mathematical Model
Governing Eqn
Equation of Continuity (Conservation of
Mass)
Boundary Conditions
Bottom of seabed: The bottom of the channel
is not permeable to the water, and therefore the
vertical water velocity at the bottom must be zero
at all times
Kinematic Boundary Condition at Free Surface
Relations for Linear

Waves
Continuity (Laplace equation)
Boundary Conditions
Sea bed
Free surface dynamic
Free surface kinematic

Dispersion relation: 2 = g.k. tanh(kh)


- Deep water: 2 = g.k or 1.56 T2
- Shallow water: =k.gh or = T.gh

Phase velocity:
- Deep water: c = (g/k) or c 1.25
1.56 T
- Shallow water: c= gh (critical
velocity)
Deep Water Relations

If we know Wavelength Lw or Time


Period Tw or the celerity c of the wave
, we can calculate the other
parameters.
Total Energy per unit Area
Fully Developed Seas at Given Wind
Speeds
Conditions Necessary for a Fully Developed Sea at Given Wind
Speeds, and the Parameters of the Resulting Waves
Wind Conditions Wave Size
Wind Average
Average
Speed in Wind Average Period
Fetch Wavelen
One Duration Height and
gth
Direction Speed
3.0 sec
19km/h 19km 2 hr 0.27m 8.5m
9.3ft/sec
5.7 sec
37km/h 139km ( 10 hr 1.5m 33.8m 19.5ft/se
c
8.6 sec
56km/h 518km 23 hr 4.1m 76.5m 29.2ft/se
c
11.4 sec
74km/h 1,313km 42 hr 8.5 136m 39.1ft/se
c
14.3 sec
MODELLING AN
IRREGULAR SEA
THE OCEAN WAVES THAT WE OBSERVE ARE A COMPLEX OF MANY
DIFFERENT SETS OF WAVES OF DIFFERENT WAVELENGTHS, PERIODS
AND HEIGHT
Modeling of Irregular Sea
The
linear wave theory allows us to
represent the sea surface as the
superposition of a large number of
sine waves, that is
Superposition of 4 Waves
Wave data collection

Visually observed data


Ship observed data
Instrumental data
Remote sensing
Hindcasting
Operational wave forecast
data
SATELLITE RADAR AIR CRAFT RADAR OR LASER

ORBITAL
FOLLOWING BOUY WAVE STAFF ON
PLATFORM

WAVE SLOPE
BOUY PRESSURE SENSOR
NONDIRECTIONAL NEAR BOTTOM
ACCELEROMETER
BOUY
WAVE ORBITAL
VELOCITY SENSOR

ACOUSTIC
SENSOR
Wave data analysis
Continuous data
Time domain &
frequency domain
analysis
Discrete data
Statistical analysis
Ocean (Irregular) Waves
Definitions

TC

TZ
TD
TU

Root-mean-Square (RMS), Skewness and Kurtosis


Ochi (1998) Ocean Waves

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