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Network Layer:
Internet Protocol
20.1 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
201INTERNETWORKING
20.2
Figure 20.1 Links between two hosts
20.3
Figure 20.2 Network layer in an internetwork
20.4
Figure 20.3 Network layer at the source, router, and destination
20.5
Figure 20.3 Network layer at the source, router, and destination (continued)
20.6
Note
20.7
Note
20.8
202IPv4
20.9
Figure 20.4 Position of IPv4 in TCP/IP protocol suite
20.10
Figure 20.5 IPv4 datagram format
20.11
Figure 20.6 Service type or differentiated services
20.12
Note
20.13
Table 20.1 Types of service
20.14
Table 20.2 Default types of service
20.15
Table 20.3 Values for codepoints
20.16
Note
20.17
Figure 20.7 Encapsulation of a small datagram in an Ethernet frame
20.18
Figure 20.8 Protocol field and encapsulated data
20.19
Table 20.4 Protocol values
20.20
Example 20.1
Solution
Thereisanerrorinthispacket.The4leftmostbits(0100)
showtheversion,whichiscorrect.Thenext4bits(0010)
showaninvalidheaderlength(24=8).Theminimum
numberofbytesintheheadermustbe20.Thepackethas
beencorruptedintransmission.
20.21
Example 20.2
Solution
The HLEN value is 8, which means the total number of
bytesintheheaderis84,or32bytes.Thefirst20bytes
arethebaseheader,thenext12bytesaretheoptions.
20.22
Example 20.3
Solution
The HLEN value is 5, which means the total number of
bytesintheheaderis54,or20bytes(nooptions).The
total length is 40 bytes, which means the packet is
carrying20bytesofdata(4020).
20.23
Example 20.4
Solution
Tofindthetimetolivefield,weskip8bytes.Thetimeto
live field is the ninth byte, which is 01. This means the
packet can travel only one hop. The protocol field is the
nextbyte(02),whichmeansthattheupperlayerprotocol
isIGMP.
20.24
Figure 20.9 Maximum transfer unit (MTU)
20.25
Table 20.5 MTUs for some networks
20.26
Figure 20.10 Flags used in fragmentation
20.27
Figure 20.11 Fragmentation example
20.28
Figure 20.12 Detailed fragmentation example
20.29
Example 20.5
Solution
If the M bit is 0, it means that there are no more
fragments; the fragment is the last one. However, we
cannotsayiftheoriginalpacketwasfragmentedornot.A
nonfragmentedpacketisconsideredthelastfragment.
20.30
Example 20.6
Solution
IftheMbitis1,itmeansthatthereisatleastonemore
fragment.Thisfragmentcanbethefirstoneoramiddle
one,butnotthelastone.Wedontknowifitisthefirst
one or a middle one; we need more information (the
valueofthefragmentationoffset).
20.31
Example 20.7
Solution
BecausetheMbitis1,itiseitherthefirstfragmentora
middle one. Because the offset value is 0, it is the first
fragment.
20.32
Example 20.8
Solution
To find the number of the first byte, we multiply the offset
value by 8. This means that the first byte number is 800.
We cannot determine the number of the last byte unless
we know the length.
20.33
Example 20.9
20.34
Example 20.10
20.35
Figure 20.13 Example of checksum calculation in IPv4
20.36
Figure 20.14 Taxonomy of options in IPv4
20.37
203IPv6
20.38
Figure 20.15 IPv6 datagram header and payload
20.39
Figure 20.16 Format of an IPv6 datagram
20.40
Table 20.6 Next header codes for IPv6
20.41
Table 20.7 Priorities for congestion-controlled traffic
20.42
Table 20.8 Priorities for noncongestion-controlled traffic
20.43
Table 20.9 Comparison between IPv4 and IPv6 packet headers
20.44
Figure 20.17 Extension header types
20.45
Table 20.10 Comparison between IPv4 options and IPv6 extension headers
20.46
204TRANSITIONFROMIPv4TOIPv6
20.48
Figure 20.19 Dual stack
20.49
Figure 20.20 Tunneling strategy
20.50
Figure 20.21 Header translation strategy
20.51
Table 20.11 Header translation
20.52