Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Communication
Base Transceiver
Station (BTS)
A interface
Base Station
Controller (BSC)
VLR
Base Transceiver
HLR
Station (BTS) Abis interface
Base Station (BS) P
Mobile G
Um interface
Switching M S
Centre
(MSC) S T
C N
Base Transceiver
Station (BTS)
Base Station
Controller (BSC) CCITT
Signalling
Base Transceiver
Station (BTS)
Abis interface System No. 7
Base Station (BS) (SS7)
interface
Subscriber: user who pays subscription
charges for using mobile
communication services.
Mobile Station: is a subscriber unit
intended for use while on the move at
unspecified locations. It could be a
hand-held or a portable terminal.
Base Station: a fixed radio station used
for communication with MS. It is located
at the centre of a cell and consist of
Transmitters and Receivers.
Mobile Switching Centre : it coordinates
the routing of calls, do the billing, etc.
MS consist of :
• Mobile Equipment (ME)
• Subscriber Identification Module (SIM)
Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) is a
smart card which stores information
about the subscription and feature of
services.
Stored information including:
•Authentication Key “Ki”
•Encryption
•IMSI and TMSI
SIM card is protected by a Personal
Identity Number (PIN) of the user
International Mobile Subscriber
ID(IMSI)
– 15 digit = 3 for country code, 3 for
mobile network
code and 9 for mobile ID number.
• Temporary Mobile Subscriber
ID(TMSI)
– per-call basis ID for security reason
to avoid sending IMSI over the air
BSS consist of two part :
Base Transceiver
Station (BTS)
Base Station Controller
(BSC)
BTS is a radio-end which
determine a cell coverage and
provide link with MS.
BTS include Transmitters and
Receivers, antenna and signal
processing unit as well as
interface.
BTS communicate with MS via
Um (air) interface
BSC handle radio-
channel setup,
frequency hopping,
and handover
within BSC
HLR contain database
of users, including all
the subscription
records
HLR records the
update location of
every user for
mobility management
purposes
VLR is a temporary
database of user
VLR is used to handle a
roamer connection.
VLR could be accessed
by MSC for every call
set up.
Every MSC is
connected to a VLR,
but a VLR could be
connected to several
MSC
Access Mechanism
• waste of bandwidth
if the traffic is
distributed unevenly
• inflexible
• guard spaces
t
Time multiplex
A channel gets the whole spectrum for a certain
amount of time
Advantages:
• only one carrier in the
medium at any time
k1 k2 k3 k4 k5 k6
• throughput high even
for many users
c
Disadvantages:
f
• precise
synchronization
necessary
t
Code Multiplex
k1 k2 k3 k4 k5 k6
RSL Level at B
time
BS1 BS2
A B
Hexagonal Cell Geometry
Define coordinate axes, N = 7 reuse pattern
U & V, at 60o angles
For given frequency
V
reuse plan, go i steps j =1
in U direction and j
2
i=
Number of cells in U
N = i 2 + ij + j 2
1/ 3
The Cell Structure for K = 7
7
6 2
1
5 3
7 4 1
6 2
2
1 7
5 3 6 2
4 1
7 5 3
6 2 7 4
1 6 2
5 3 1
4 5 3
4
Cell Structure for K = 12
9 9
8 10 8 10
2 11 2
7 11
3 7 3
1 12 1
6 12
4 6 4
9 5 9
8 5
10 8 10
2 11 2
7 11
3 7
1 3
12 1 12
6 4 6 4
5 5
Increasing cellular
system capacity
Cell sectoring
• Directional antennas subdivide cell into 3
or 6 sectors
• Might also increase cell capacity by
factor of 3 or 6
Increasing cellular
system capacity
Cell splitting
• Decrease transmission power in base and
mobile
• Results in more and smaller cells
• Reuse frequencies in non-contiguous cell
groups
• Example: ½ cell radius leads 4 fold
capacity increase
Performance characteristics of
GSM
Communication
• mobile, wireless communication; support for voice
and data services
Total mobility
• international access, chip-card enables use of access
points of different providers
Worldwide connectivity
• one number, the network handles localization
High capacity
• better frequency efficiency, smaller cells, more
customers per cell
High transmission quality
• high audio quality and reliability for wireless,
uninterrupted phone calls at higher speeds (e.g., from
cars, trains)
Security functions
• access control, authentication via chip-card and PIN
Disadvantages of GSM
No full ISDN bandwidth of 64 kbit/s to
the user
Reduced concentration while driving
Electromagnetic radiation
Abuse of private data possible
High complexity of the system
Several incompatibilities within the GSM
standards
Thank You