Digital Signal Processing

Rohit Dhongde (B-41)

Sushant Burde(B-48)
Vaibhav
Deshmukh(B-52)
Swapnil Dondal (B-
49)
 What is DSP?
Converting a continuously changing waveform
(analog) into a series of discrete levels (digital)
 What is DSP?
The analog waveform is sliced into equal
segments and the waveform amplitude is
measured in the middle of each segment
The collection of measurements make up the
digital representation of the waveform
 0.5
1.5

0
1
2

-1.5
-0.5

-2
-1
1 0
0.22
3 0.44
0.64
5 0.82
0.98
7 1.11
1.2
9 1.24
1.27
11 1.24
1.2
13 1.11
0.98
15 0.82
0.64
17 0.44
0.22
19 0
-0.22
-0.44 21
-0.64
-0.82 23
-0.98
-1.11 25
-1.2
-1.26 27
What is DSP?

-1.28
-1.26 29
-1.2
-1.11 31
-0.98
-0.82 33
-0.64
-0.44 35
-0.22
37 0
 Binary Search
The speed the binary search is accomplished
depends on:
The clock speed of the ADC
The number of bits resolution
Can be shortened by a good guess (but usually is
not worth the effort)
 How Does It Work?
Faithful Duplication
Now that we can slice up a waveform and
convert it into digital form, lets take a look at
how it is used in DSP
Draw a simple waveform on graph paper
Scale appropriately
Gather digital data points to represent the
waveform
Starting Waveform Used to
Create Digital Data
 How Does It Work?
Faithful Duplication
Swap your waveform data with a partner
Using the data, recreate the waveform on a
sheet of graph paper
Waveform Created from
Digital Data
 How Does It Work?
Faithful Duplication

Compare the original with the recreating, note

similarities and differences
 How Does It Work?
Faithful Duplication
Once the waveform is in digital form, the real
power of DSP can be realized by mathematical
manipulation of the data
Using EXCEL spreadsheet software can assist in
manipulating the data and making graphs
quickly
Lets first do a little filtering of noise
 How Does It Work?
Faithful Duplication
Using your raw digital data, create a new table
of data that averages three data points
Average the point before and the point after with
the point in the middle
Enter all data in EXCEL to help with graphing
 Noise Filtering Using
Averaging

Raw Ave before/after

150 150
100 100
Amplitude

Amplitude
50 50
0 0
-50 0 10 20 30 40 -50 0 10 20 30 40

-100 -100
-150 -150
Time Time
 How Does It Work?
Faithful Duplication
Lets take care of some static crashes that cause
some interference
Using your raw digital data, create a new table
of data that replaces extreme high and low
values:
Replace values greater than 100 with 100
Replace values less than -100 with -100
 Modulation
Discrete signals are rarely transmitted over long distances
or stored in large quantities in their raw form.

Signals are normally modulated to match their frequency

characteristic to those of the transmission and/or storage
media to minimize signal distortion, to utilize the available
bandwidth efficiently, or to ensure that the signal have
some desirable properties.

Two application areas where the idea of modulation is

extensively used are:

1. telecommunications
Three most commonly used digital modulation
schemes for transmitting

Digital data over bandpass channels are:

Amplitude shift keying (ASK)

Phase shift keying (PSK)
Frequency shift keying (FSK)

When digital data is transmitted over an all

digital network a scheme known
As pulse code modulation (PCM) is used.
 Digital Signal Processing And Its
Benefits
By a signal we mean any variable that carries or
contains some kind of information that can be conveyed,
displayed or manipulated.

Examples of signals of particular interest are:

speech, is encountered in telephony, radio, and

everyday life

biomedical signals, (heart signals, brain signals)

Sound and music, as reproduced by the compact disc

player

Video and image,

Radar signals, which are used to determine the range

and bearing
of distant targets
Attraction of DSP comes from key advantages
such as :

* Guaranteed accuracy: (accuracy is only determined by

the number of bits used)
* Perfect Reproducibility: Identical performance from unit
to unit

ie. A digital recording can be copied or reproduced

several times with no
loss in signal quality

* No drift in performance with temperature and age

* Uses advances in semiconductor technology to achieve:
(i) smaller size
 Disadvantages of DSP

* Speed and Cost

DSP designs can be expensive, especially when large bandwidth signals

are involved. ADC or DACs are either to expensive or do not have sufficient

resolution for wide bandwidth applications.

* DSP designs can be time consuming plus need the necessary resources

(software etc)

* Finite word-length problems

If only a limited number of bits is used due to economic considerations

serious degradation in system performance may result.

 Key DSP Operations
1. Convolution
2. Correlation
3. Digital Filtering
4. Discrete
Transformation

5. Modulation
 Convolution
Convolution is one of the most frequently used operations in
DSP. Specially in digital filtering applications where two finite
and causal sequences x[n] and h[n] of lengths N1 and N2 are
convolved

y[n] h[n] x[n] h[k ]x[n k ] h[k ]x[n k ]
k k 0

where, n = 0,1,.,(M-1) and M = N1 + N2 -1

This is a multiply and accumulate operation and DSP device

manufacturers have developed signal processors that
perform this action.
 Correlation
There are two forms of correlation :

1. Auto-correlation

2. Cross-correlation

1. The cross-correlation function (CCF) is a measure of the similarities or

shared properties between two signals. Applications are cross-spectral
analysis, detection/recovery of signals buried in noise, pattern matching
etc. rxy n
xy n n 0,1,2,...
r 0 r 0
xx yy
1
2

Given two length-N sequences x[k] and y[k] with zero means, an estimate of
rxy(n) is an estimate of the cross covarience
their
Where,

cross-correlation is given by:

 The cross-covarience is defined as

1 N n1
x[k ] y[k n] n 0,1,2,...
rxy n N k 0
1 N n 1



N k 0
x[k n] y[k ] n 0,1,2,...

1 N 1 1 N 1
rxx (0) x[k ] , ryy (0) y[k ]
2 2

N k 0 N k 0
 [n]
2. An estimate of the auto-correlation xx of an length-
N sequence x[k] with zero mean is given by

rxx [n]
xx [n] , n 0,1,2
rxx [0]
 Application Areas
Image Processing Instrumentation/Control Speech/Audio Military
Pattern recognition spectrum analysis speech recognition secure communications

Robotic vision noise reduction speech synthesis radar processing

Image enhancement data compression text to speech sonar processing

Facsimile position and rate digital audio missile guidance

animation control equalization

Telecommunications Biomedical Consumer applications

Echo cancellation patient monitoring cellular mobile phones

Adaptive equalization scanners UMTS

ADPCM trans-coders EEG brain mappers digital television

Spread spectrum ECG Analysis digital cameras

Video conferencing X-Ray storage/enhancement internet phone

etc.