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Penanganan Nyeri
Pain is Pain is
an alarm protection A disease entity it self
or symptom of disease A self sustaining disease
Controversy; physical vs
psychological (emotional), since
ancient greek time
HORMER, thought of pain as due to arrows
shot by God (physical).
ARISTOTELES, pain was not a sensation but
emotional passion of soul (psychological).
PLATO, pain was perceived in the heart due
to impact violent on the soul.
GALEN (200AD), investigated that the brain
was the center of sensation.
The word pain derives from latin word
poena meaning punishment
(psychological).
Some sculptures figurate pain
and suffering in art during ancient
time.
It is difficult to distinguish the
physical pain from prychological
pain.
During the 17th century
Rene Descartes (1664) Mechanistic concept
Cartesian model
One unit of pain stimulus would produce one
unit of pain.
Pain system was a straight through channel
from the peripheral to the brain.
NS is just like
a church bell system
a hard wire system
Body and mind are distinctly separate
(cogito, ergo sum = I think, therefore I exist)
In the 19th century, two scientist;
Bell and Magendig found that :
EMOTIONAL found
FACTORthat
plays : a big role in
pain perception.
He found that :
65% of soldier
20% of civillians Major surgery
Little or no pain
Link between injury and pain is highly
variable.
1965 MELZACK and WALL proposed
GATE CONTROL THEORY
DHN is conceptualized as a gate
The gate is open by activating c
fiber pain
The gate is closed by activating
A fiber less pain
The great merits of this
definition
1. Pain is not only unpleasant sensory, but
also unpleasant emotional experience
2. Pain usually associated with actual or
potential tissue damage acute or
physiological pain
TRANSDUKSI Pressure
Adalah proses
dimana suatu
rangsang nyeri Heat
(noxious stimuli)
diubah menjadi
suatu aktifitas
listrik pada ujung- Chemical
ujung saraf
sensoris.
Transmissio
n
TRANSMISI
Adalah proses
perambatan suatu
impuls nyeri
melalui serabut
saraf sensoris
menyusul proses
transduksi.
MODULASI Modulation
Merupakan interaksi
antara sistem analgesik
endogen (endogen
opioid, seretonergik
dan noradrenergik)
dengan input nyeri
yang masuk ke kornu
posterior.
Kornu posterior
merupakan GATE
that can be closed by
endogeneous analgesia.
Persespsi Perception
Adalah hasil akhir
dari proses interaksi Pain
Brain
yang kompleks dan Perception
unik yang dimulai
dari transduksi,
transmisi &
modulasi yang
menghasilkan
persepsi nyeri yang
amat subyektif
DALAM KEADAAN NORMAL
NYERI FISIOLOGIS
SMALL FIBER LARGE FIBER
(A, & C FIBER) (A FIBER)
NO PAIN
PAIN (INNOCUOUS SENSATION)
DALAM KEADAAN PATOLOGIS
(terdapat kerusakan jaringan / inflamasi)
SMALL FIBER LARGE FIBER
(A, & C FIBER) (A FIBER)
High Intensity Low Intensity
Stimulus Stimulus
PNS
CNS
Hyperexitable
Dorsal horm
PAIN
Primary hyperalgesia (Allodynia)
Secondary hyperalgesia
Hiperalgesia sekunder
Quality of nociceptors
Quantity of nociceptors
Process TRANSDUCTION
PERIPHERAL MECHANISM OF PERIPHERAL SENSITIZATION
CENTRAL SENSITIZATION
CELLULAR MECHANISM OF CENTRAL SENSITIZATION
AFTER THE INJURY PERIPHERAL & CENTRAL SENSITIZATION
Central
sensitization
Peripheral
sensitization
Shaping Pain Memory
1. ALLODYNIA.
2. HYPERALGESIA.
3. PROLONGED PAIN.
4. REFERRED PAIN TO UN-INJURIED AREA.
Spontaneous pain (absense of stimulus).
Pathological Interaction between
symphatic and somatosensory system
may occur.
OPTIMAL ANALGESIA
DEWASA INI
Karena pendidikan kita berorientasi
Barat, maka kita sering terjebak pada
pola fikir CARTESIAN yang DUALISME
atau NEWTONIAN yang MATEMATIK
EVALUASI :
Bentuk nyeri.
Sifat nyeri.
Kronologis penyakit dasarnya.
Pemeriksaan fisik :
Neurologis.
Ortopedi.
Kebiasaan.
Multi disipliner.
Terapi nyeri
Tahap transduksi.
Tahap transmisi.
Tahap modulasi.
Tahap persepsi.
Terapi farmakologis.
Sederhana.
Hambatan psikokimia.
Otot direlaksasi.
Obat yang digunakan :
Saline.
Lokal anestesi.
Anestesi lokal kortikosteroid.
Anestesi lokal intra vena
Sederhana.
Digunakan pada :
Nyeri rasa terbakar.
Nyeri post operasi.
Syndrome deafferensiasi.
Obat lidokain 1 1,5 mg/kg BB.
Awasi tanda-tanda toksis.
Infiltrasi subkutan
Sederhana.
Digunakan nyeri post herpes.
Nyeri nodul fibrotik subkutan.
Obat lidokain.
Blok epidural
Obat dimasukkan pada ruang
epidural.
Dapat dipasang kateter epidural.
Tanpa kateter.
Obat :
Morphin.
Obat anestesi lokal markain.
Steroid.
Intra thecal drug
administration system
Nyeri malignan.
Pasien spastik, nyeri panggul
mekanik.
Neuropati.
Obat :
Anestesi lokal.
Opiat.
Clonidin.
Spinal cord stimulation
Elektroda ditempatkan di ruang
epidural.
Indikasi :
Neuropati perifer.
Nyeri phantom ekstremitas.
Nyeri stump.
Nyeri pada iskemik ekstremitas.
Blok neural neurolitik
Nyeri Fisik
Nyeri Psikis
Nyeri Sosial
Nyeri Spiritual
Nyeri Kultural
Prinsip pendekatan
perawatan nyeri kanker
adalah:
Evaluasi
Explanasi
Terapi yang dirancang secara
individual
Supervisi
Perhatian terhadap detail
Penatalaksanaan Nyeri
Kanker
Prinsip
Identifikasi semua problem.
Pilihan terapi yang tepat.
Segera mulai terapi simtomatik.
Gunakan terapi medikamentosa, terapi
fisiatrik, dan psikoterapi secara simultan.
Pertimbangkan terapi invasif seperti
anestesi, neurolitik, bedah saraf, bedah.
Pertimbangkan terapi anti kanker.
Pedoman jenjang anak tangga WHO,
tepat obat, tepat dosis, tepat waktu,
terjadwal rutin, sedapat mungkin
peroral.
Lymphoedema
Soft tissue
Nerve destruction
infiltration
Colic
Organ Skin pressure
compression Tenesmus
Bone involvement Ischaemia
Nerve compression
Choice of NSAID
NSAID should :
Be short acting
Have minimal adverse effects
Not be expensive
For example :
1st choice = naproxen
If gastrointestinal effects change to ibuprofen
If renal insufficiency change to sulindac
Analgesik Non Opioid
Nama Dosis Sediaan
Parasetamol 500-650 mg / 4 Tablet 500 mg
jam Sirup 125 mg / 5
ml
Aspirin 600-650 mg / 4 Tablet 500 mg
jam
AINS Ibuprefon 400-800 mg / 8 Tablet 200 & 400
jam mg
Piroxicam 200 mg / 12-24 Kapsul 10 & 20
jam mg
Flash tablet 20
mg
Dispersable 20
mg
Analgesik Non Opioid
Nama Dosis Sediaan
Ketoprofen 100 / 12 jam TabCR 100 mg
Tab-CR 200 mg
Supositrori 100
mg
IM inj 100 mg/ 2
ml
IV inj 100 mg / 2
ml
Diclogenac Na 75-150 mg/hari Tablet 25 & 50 mg
dalam 3 dosis Tab-SR 75 mg
Indomethacin 50-200 mg/hari Tablet 25 mg
dalam 4 dosis TRC cap 75 mg
(TRC: 1-2 dosis)
Adjuvan Analgesik
Steroid
Membantu mengurangi nyeri pada berbagai
kondisi dalam perawatan paliatif
Dosis 4-16 mg dexametason peroral perhari .
Antidepresan trisiklik
Untuk nyeri neuropatik yang kontinyu dan
serasa terbakar.
Amitriptilin adalah yang paling sering
digunakan, dosis 50 75 mg tiap malam.
Mulai dengan dosis awal 10 25 mg.
Adjuvan Analgesik
Antikonvulsan
Untuk nyeri neuropatik yang
intermiten, serasa diiris atau ditusuk.
Carbarnazepin dengan dosis awal 100
mg/hari dinaikkan hati-hati, dapat
sampai 400 mg/hari.
Biphosphonate
Untuk nyeri tulang. Dosis disodium
clodronate 200 mg / 6 jam
Adjuvan Analgesik
Relaksasi Otot
Diasepam 5-10 mg tiap malam atau
baclofen 5-10 mg / 8 jam.
Adjuvan lain
Relaksan otot, antibiotik, antidisritmik,
anaestetik oral.
Opioid intolerance
REAL INTOLERANCE:
Poor renal function
Low treshold to CNS stimulation
Fear of opioids
APPARENT INTOLERANCE:
Titration too rapid
Conversion ratio incorrect
Concurrent cause of sedation
Concurrent cause of nausea and vomiting
Concurrent cause of confusion
constipation
Treatment of opioid
intolerance
Apparent tolerance should be managed by
treating the cause.
Real intolerance can be managed as follows:
Start with very low dose morphine (1mg 4-
hourly)
Titrate very slowly (20% per day )
Consider :
Changing to chemically distinct analagesic (eg.nefopam)
Using secondary analgesics
Antitumour treatment
TENS, relaxation, hypnosis
Terapi Non
Medikamentosa:
Terapi Fisik dan Rehabilitasi Medik
Manipulasi psiko-sosial-spiritual
Terapi anti kanker : kemoterapi,
radioterapi, dan terapi hormonal .
Tindakan anaestesi, neurolitik dan
neurosurgikal.
Tindakan bedah
Rehabilitasi Medik
Positioning Topikal
Terapi latihan Ortotik
Terapi panas Modifikasi ADL
Terapi dingin Alat bantu ADL
Terapi elektrik Alat bantu
Masase mobilitas
Vibrasi Manipulasi psiko -
sosial
Intervensi Kognitif
Behavioural
Relaksasi
Distraksi Kognitif dan Reframing
Mendidik pasien (patient education)
Psikoterapi dan dukungan spiritual
Kesimpulan
Nyeri bersifat ambivalen.
Terapi nyeri kronik
Terapi kausal.
Terapi simptomatik.
Terapi simptomatik.
Farmakologik.
Invasif (blok saraf).
KESIMPULAN
Untuk mengatasi nyeri kanker,
diperlukan multi modalitas, baik
farmakologis ataupun non
farmakologis. Pemilihan modalitas
yang akan digunakan , didasarkan
pada hasil esesmen nyeri yang
seksama dan atas indikasi yang
tepat guna.
Terima kasih