Chapter 1 Stress

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
th Edition
Russell C. Hibbeler
Chapter 1: Stress
Introduction
Mechanics of materials is a study of the
relationship between the external loads on a
body and the intensity of the internal loads
within the body.
This subject also involves the deformations

and stability of a body when subjected to
external forces.
Chapter 1: Stress
Mechanics of Material 7th Edition
2008 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Equilibrium of a Deformable Body
External Forces
1. Surface Forces
- caused by direct contact
of other bodys surface
2. Body Forces
- other body exerts a force
without contact
Chapter 1: Stress
Reactions
Surface forces developed at the supports/points of
contact between bodies.
Chapter 1: Stress
Equations of Equilibrium
Equilibrium of a body requires a balance of forces
and a balance of moments
For a body with x, y, z coordinate system with origin
O,
F 0 M O 0
F 0, F 0, F 0
x y z
M 0,M 0,M 0
x y z
Best way to account for these forces is to draw the bodys

free-body diagram (FBD).
Chapter 1: Stress
Equilibrium of a Deformable Body
Internal Resultant Loadings
Objective of FBD is to determine the resultant force
and moment acting within a body.
In general, there are 4 different types of resultant
loadings:
a) Normal force, N
b) Shear force, V
c) Torsional moment or torque, T
d) Bending moment, M
Chapter 1: Stress
EXAMPLE 1
The hoist in the figure
consists of the beam AB
and attached pulleys, the
cable, and the motor.
Determine the resultant
internal loadings acting on
the cross section at C if the
motor is lifting the 2000 N
(approximate 200 kg) load
W with constant velocity.
Neglect the weight of the
pulleys and beam.
EXAMPLE 2
The metal stud punch is

subjected to a force of
120 N on the handle.
Determine the magnitude
of the reactive force at
the pin A and in the short
link BC. Also, determine
the internal resultant
loadings acting on the
cross section passing
through the handle arm
at D.
EXAMPLE 3
Determine the
resultant internal
loading on the cross
section through point C
of the pliers. There is a
pin at A and the jaws at
B are smooth.
EXAMPLE 4
The sky hook is
used to support the
cable of a scaffold
over the side of a
building. If it
consists of a
smooth rod that
contacts the
parapet of a wall at
points A, B, and C,
determine the
normal force, shear
force, and moment
on the cross
section at points D
and E.
Example 4
Determine the resultant internal loadings acting on the cross
section at C of the beam.
Chapter 1: Stress
Stress
Distribution of internal loading is important in
mechanics of materials.
We will consider the material to be continuous.
This intensity of internal force at a point is called
stress.
Chapter 1: Stress
Stress
Normal Stress () - sigma
Force per unit area acting normal to A
Fz
z lim
A0 A
Shear Stress () - tau
Force per unit area acting tangent to A
Fx
zx lim
A 0 A
Fy
zy lim
A 0 A
Chapter 1: Stress
Average Normal Stress in an Axially Loaded Bar
When a cross-sectional area bar is subjected to
axial force through the centroid, it is only subjected
to normal stress.
Stress is assumed to be averaged over the area.
Chapter 1: Stress
Average Normal Stress in an Axially Loaded Bar
Average Normal Stress Distribution
When a bar is subjected to a
constant deformation,
dF dAA = average normal stress

P A P = resultant normal force
A = cross sectional area of bar
P

A
Equilibrium
2 normal stress components
that are equal in magnitude
but opposite in direction (tension and
compression).
Chapter 1: Stress
EXAMPLE 1
The 80 kg lamp is supported by two rods AB and BC as
shown in the figure. If AB has a diameter of 10 mm and BC
has a diameter of 8 mm, determine the average normal
stress in each rod.
Chapter 1: Stress
EXAMPLE 2
Member AC shown in the

figure is subjected to a
vertical force of 3 kN.
Determine the position x of
this force so that the
average compressive stress
at the support C is equal to
the average tensile stress in
the tie rod AB. The tie rod
has a cross-sectional area
of 400 mm2 and the
support C has a cross-
sectional area of 650 mm2.
Chapter 1: Stress
EXAMPLE 3
Determine the maximum safe value of axial load P. Given
Maximum allowable stress for steel = 140 MPa

Maximum allowable stress for aluminum = 90 MPa
Maximum allowable stress for bronze = 100 MPa
EXAMPLE 4
A hollow steel tube with an inside diameter of 100 mm must
carry a tensile load of 400 kN. Determine the outside
diameter of the tube if the stress is limited to 120 MN/m2.
EXAMPLE 5
Determine the smallest diameter of bronze and steel cables.
Given;
Weight of bar = 800 kg

Maximum allowable stress for bronze = 90 MPa
Maximum allowable stress for steel = 120 MPa
Steel Bronze
2m 4m
800 kg
EXAMPLE 6
The rigid bar OAB is supported by link AC. Link AC is made of
aluminum (Eal = 70 GPa) and has a cross-sectional area of 500
mm2. For the 10 kN force shown, determine
i. reaction force at pin C

ii. the average normal stress () in link AC
OA = 600 mm, AB = 400 mm and AC = 400 mm
C
10 kN
O A B
Example 7
The bar has a constant width of 35 mm and a thickness of 10 mm.
Determine the maximum average normal stress in the bar when it is
subjected to the loading shown.
Chapter 1: Stress
Example 8
The casting is made of steel that has a specific weight of
st 80 kN/m 3 . Determine the average compressive stress
acting at points A and B.
Chapter 1: Stress
Average Shear Stress
The average shear stress distributed over each
sectioned area that develops a shear force.
V
avg
A
= average shear stress
V = internal resultant shear force
A = area at that section
2 different types of shear:
a) Single Shear b) Double Shear
Chapter 1: Stress
Single Shear
V P
avg in rivet 2
A d rivet
4
Single Shear
V P
avg in glue
A Lw
Double Shear
P
V 2
avg in rivet
A d rivet
2
4
Double Shear
P
V
avg in glue 2
A Lw
Example 9
The supporting wheel on
a scaffold is held in place
on the leg using a 4 mm
diameter pin as shown. If
the wheel is subjected to
a normal force of 3 kN,
determine the average
shear stress developed in
the pin. Neglect friction
between the inner
scaffold puller leg and the
tube used on the wheel.
Chapter 1: Stress
Example 10
The crimping tool is
used to crimp the end
of the wire E. If a force
of 100 N is applied to
the handles, determine
the average shear
stress in the pin at A.
The pin is subjected to
double shear and has a
diameter of 4 mm. Only
a vertical force is
exerted on the wire.
Chapter 1: Stress
Example 11
The inclined member is subjected to a compressive force of 3000 N.
Determine the average compressive stress along the smooth areas of
contact defined by AB and BC, and the average shear stress along the
horizontal plane defined by EDB.
Chapter 1: Stress
Allowable Stress
Many unknown factors that influence the actual
stress in a member.
A factor of safety is needed to obtained allowable
load.
The factor of safety (F.S.) is a ratio of the failure
load divided by the allowable load
F fail
F .S
Fallow
fail
F .S
allow
fail
F .S
Chapter 1: Stress
allow
Example 12
Link BC is 6 mm thick and
is made of a steel with a
450 MPa ultimate strength
in tension. What should be
its width w if the structure
shown is being designed to
support a 20 kN load P with
a factor of safety of 3?
Example 13
Member B is subject to
a compressive force of
3600 N. If A and B are
both made of wood and
are 10 mm thick,
determine the nearest 5
mm the smallest
dimension h of the
support so that the
average shear stress
does not exceed allow =
2000 kPa
Example 14
The two members are pinned together at B as shown. Top view of the
pin connections at A and B are also given in the figure. If the pins
have an allowable shear stress of allow = 90 MPa and the allowable
tensile stress of rod CB is (t) allow = 115 MPa, determine:
a. to nearest mm the smallest diameter of pin A and B,
b. the diameter of rod CB necessary to support the load.
Example 15
Determine the required
cross-sectional area of
member BC and the
diameter of the pins at A and
B if the allowable normal
stress is allow = 20 Mpa and
the allowable shear stress is
allow = 30 MPa.
Example 16
In the structure shown, an 8 mm diameter pin is used at A, and 12
mm diameter pins are used at B and D. Knowing that the ultimate
shearing stress is 100 MPa at all connections and that the ultimate
normal stress is 250 MPa in each of the two links joining B and D,
determine the allowable load P if an overall factor of safety of 3.0 is
desired.
Example 17
The control arm is subjected to the loading. Determine to the nearest 5
mm the required diameter of the
allowable 55 steel
MPa pin at C if the allowable shear
stress for the steel is Note in the figure that the pin is
subjected to double shear.
Chapter 1: Stress
Example 18
The rigid bar AB supported by a steel rod AC having a diameter of 20 mm and an
aluminum block having a cross sectional area of 1800 mm2. The 18-mm-diameter
pins at A and C are subjected to single shear. If the failure stress for the steel and
aluminum is st fail 680 MPa and al fail 70 MPa respectively, and the failure
shear stress for each pin is fail 900 MPa , determine the largest load P that can be
applied to the bar. Apply a factor of safety of F.S. = 2.
Chapter 1: Stress

Chapter 1 Stress

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

This subject also involves the deformations

Best way to account for these forces is to draw the bodys

The metal stud punch is

dF dAA = average normal stress

Member AC shown in the

Determine the maximum safe value of axial load P. Given

Maximum allowable stress for steel = 140 MPa

Weight of bar = 800 kg

i. reaction force at pin C

OA = 600 mm, AB = 400 mm and AC = 400 mm

2 different types of shear:

a) Single Shear b) Double Shear

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