Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
CompositionofMunicipalSolidWaste
EnergyRetrievalfromRecycling
IncinerationandIncineratorAsh
SecureLandfills
EfficiencyofConversionofSunlightintoBiomass
MethaneDigesters
AlternativeBiomassFuelsforVehicles
WoodCombustion
EnergyPlantations
EnergyintheNews
CompositionofUrbanGarbage
WilliamRathje
Garbologist
WhendidArizona
Residentsthrowout
themostmeat?
CompositionofSolidWaste:23Cities
WasteGenerationRatesoverTime
ChangesinDisposalMethods
EnergeticsofRecyclingandSubstitution
Biodegradability
Biodegradabilityingarbagedumps:annonissue.
Rapidbiodegradation:requiresoxygenand/orwater.
Rathje:perfectlypreservedyearsoldmeatandvegetables!
WastetoEnergyPlant
Lockedintolongtermcontract:maydiscouragerecycling
Flyash:Bottomash:Wherecollectedandtransported?
MetalinIncineratorAsh
Flyash:fromelectrostaticprecipitators.Bottomash:bottomofboiler
Whichismostdangerous??
Additionalconcerns:dioxinfromburningofchlorinecontaining
compounds(plastics,etc.).Dioxin:carcinogen,endocrinedisrupter
RecyclingTrivia
Americansconsume2.5millionplasticbottleseveryhour
Ifyoudrink2cansofsoftdrinkperdayinaluminumcansandcansare
notrecycled,youwastemoreenergythanisuseddailybyonehumanin
thelesserdevelopedcountries
RecyclingonealuminumcansavesenoughenergytorunaTVfor3
hours
RecyclingofallpaperusedintheSundayeditionoftheNewYork
Timeswouldsave75,000treesperyear
FlyAshDumpinKorbaIndia
(frompowerplant)
Novegetation.
FlyAshDumpinBadarpur,India
Reclaimedusingmycorrihizalfungi(bioremediation)
Alsosmallamountsofcompost.
Reducesairpollutionfromflyashdump.
Blacklayersontopandbottom:liner
SecureLandfill Linerthickness:about1/3inch
Circlesonbottom:leachatepipes
Note:Gasvent,lowpermeabilitysoil,
filterlayer,barrierlayer,drainagelayer
PercentTrashDisposalinLandfills
BiomassProductionvsEnergyUse
Usesofbiomass
Asidefromenergy?
Biomassto
Fuel
Conversions
Results:
Alcohol(Ethanol)
Biogas(Methane)
Syngas
Gasoline(Biocrude)
DieselFuel(PlantOil)
MethodsofBiomasstoEnergy
Conversion
Directcombustion
Pyrolysis:thermaldecompositionintogasorliquid
Involveshightemperatures(500900C),lowoxygen
Biochemicalprocesses:
Anaerobicdigestionbymethanogens
Controlledfermentationproducesalcohols:
Ethanol(grainalcohol)
Methanol(woodalcohol)
AnaerobicDigester
Convertsanimalorplantwaste
Intomethane
Typicalwastes:
Manure(feedlots,pigfarms,poultry)
Oliveoilmillwaste
Potatoprocessingwaste
Bigdeal:AgriculturalScienceDepts
OptimumOperatingTemperature
35C,maximumlitersofmethaneperday,bestretentiontime?
CelluloseHighSolidsFermenter
Adjustingagitatorshaftofhighsolidsfermenter.Producesmethanegas,
highqualitycompostfromsewagesludge,use1/20ththewater
Comparedtoconventionaldigesters.Downside:agitatorneeded.
EnergyUsedtoGrowvsFoodEnergy
Ethanolfromcorn:1.74pergallontoproducevs95centspergallon
Ofgasoline.
70%moreenergytomakeethanolfromUScornthanenergyinethanol
Gooduseofethanol:oxidizertoreplaceMTBEingasoline
10%ethanolboostsoctaneratingofgasoline,replaceslead.
EnergyContributionstoBreadLoaf
Grainproduction,Baking,Transport,Milling,Shops,Packaging
EnergyinBiomass
Onlyasmallamountenergyinsunlightconvertedintobiomassby
plants.
Conversionefficiencyvaries:
Sugarcane:2%
Corn:1%
Typicalforest:0.8%
Mostfoodplants:<0.8%
Maximumtheoreticalefficiency:10%
SugarCane
Sugarcane:veryhighproductivityperacre.Usebagasse
(sugarcanewaste)torunboilerstoboilsapforsugar.
Bagassetoenergyplants:7%ofHawaiianenergy
(Mauritius)
BagassetoMethanePlant:Hilo,HI
HempPlants
Advantages:4timesasmuchpulpperacreaswood,nopesticidesneeded
Canmakecloth,ropepaper.Doesneednitrogenfertilizer.
Notgoodtosmoke.17631767Virginiafarmersjailedifnohempgrown.
FourYearOld
Eucalyptus:Hawaii
Eucalyptus:producehighamounts
Ofbiomassunderdrierconditions
Thanhemp.Veryhardyspecies.
PlantsasSourcesofPetroleum
LikeSubstances
Gopherplant:growswildinCalifornia:25barrelsofcrudeoilper
hectare
Copaiferamultijuga:foundinBrazil:producesalmostpuredieselfuel
Bladderpod:canbeusedtomakeplastic
Jojoba:50%oilbyweigh:resemblesspermoil:doesntgorancid
PlasticsMadefromPyrolysisOil
(WoodChipWaste)
LowCost,EfficientWoodstoves
AIndia,B.NepalC.Guatemala,
Mostoftheworldcookswithwood.Typicalwoodstove:
Only10%efficient.Timetocollectwood:2to5hoursperday.
80%offueluseindevelopingworld;woodforcooking.
Majorcauseofdeforestation,soilerosion.
ComparableEfficiencyValues
Efficiency:multiplyby100.
RocketStovevsThreeStoneFire
RocketStove:insulatedfirebox,shortchimney,cooksontopof
Chimney,skirtsurroundspot.BuiltinGuatemala.
RocketStove
AdditionofHaybox
Haybox:insulatedbox.Foodplacedinboxandleftoncewaterheated
toboilingpoint.Foodcontinuestocookwithoutfire.(Why?)
AirTight
Stove
Stovehaslowerchamber
Withburningwood,
Upperchamberwith
Secondarycombustion
Longpathforexhaustgas
=morecompleteburning
Notehighsurfaceareaof
Stove.
About50%efficient