Thermal Analysis: Chapter Six

Chapter Six
Thermal Analysis
Thermal Analysis
Chapter Overview Training Manual
In this chapter, performing steady-state and transient thermal
ANSYS Workbench Simulation

analyses in Simulation will be covered:
A. Geometry
B. Assemblies Solid Body Contact
C. Heat Loads
D. Solution Options
E. Results and Postprocessing
F. Workshop 6.1
G. Thermal Transient Setup
H. Transient Settings
I. Transient Loads
J. Transient Results
K. Workshop 6.2
The capabilities described in this section are generally applicable

to ANSYS DesignSpace Entra licenses and above, except for an
ANSYS Structural license.
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Thermal Analysis
Basics of Steady-State Heat Transfer Training Manual
For a steady-state (static) thermal analysis in Simulation,

the temperatures {T} are solved for in the matrix below:
K T T QT
Assumptions:
No transient effects are considered in a steady-state analysis
[K] can be constant or a function of temperature
{Q} can be constant or a function of temperature
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Thermal Analysis
Basics of Steady-State Heat Transfer Training Manual
Fouriers Law provides the basis of the previous equation:

Heat flow within a solid (Fouriers Law) is the basis of [K]
Heat flux, heat flow rate, and convection are treated as boundary
conditions on the system {Q}
Convection is treated as a boundary condition although
temperature-dependent film coefficients are possible
It is important to remember these assumptions related to

performing thermal analyses in Simulation.
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Thermal Analysis
Physics Filters Training Manual
If a thermal-only solution is to be performed the Physics

Filter can be used to filter the GUI
Under View menu > Physics Filter, unselect the Structural
and Electromagnetic options
This applies to options in the Environment and Solution
levels only
If a thermal-stress simulation is to be performed, do not turn
off the structural physics filter
ANSYS License Availability

DesignSpace Entra x
DesignSpace x August 26, 2005
Professional x Inventory #002265
Structural
Mechanical/Multiphysics x 6-5
Thermal Analysis
A. Geometry Training Manual
In thermal analyses, all types of bodies supported by

Simulation may be used.
Solid, surface, and line bodies are supported
For surface bodies, thickness must be input in the Details view
of the Geometry branch
Line bodie cross-section and orientation is defined within
DesignModeler
Cross-section and orientation information results in an
effective thermal cross-section
Only temperature results are available for line bodies
The Point Mass feature is not available in thermal analyses

DesignSpace Entra x
Structural
Thermal Analysis
Geometry Training Manual
Shell and line body assumptions:

For shell bodies through-thickness temperature gradients are
not available. Shells assume temperatures on top and bottom
of surface are the same
For line bodies through thickness variation in the temperature
is not available. Line bodies assume the temperature is
constant across the cross-section
Temperature variation will still be considered along the line body

DesignSpace Entra x
Structural
Thermal Analysis
Material Properties Training Manual

The only required material property is thermal conductivity
Thermal Conductivity is
input in the Engineering
Data application
Temperature-dependent
thermal conductivity is
input as a table
If any temperature-dependent material properties exist, this will

ANSYS License
DesignSpace Entra
Availability
x
result in a nonlinear solution.
Structural
Thermal Analysis
B. Assemblies Solid Body Contact Training Manual

When importing assemblies of solid parts, contact regions are
automatically created between the solid bodies enabling heat
transfer between parts in an assembly

DesignSpace Entra
Structural
Mechanical/Multiphysics x
Model shown is from a sample Inventor assembly. 6-9
Thermal Analysis
Assemblies Contact Region Training Manual
No heat spreading is considered in the contact/target interface

Heat flow within the contact region is in the contact normal
direction only
Heat flows only if a target element is present in the normal
direction of a contact element
In the figure on the left, the solid

green double-arrows indicate
heat flow within the contact
region. Heat flow only occurs if a
target surface is normal to a
contact surface.
The light, dotted green arrows
indicate that no heat transfer will
occur between parts.

DesignSpace Entra
Structural
Thermal Analysis
If the parts are initially in contact heat transfer will occur

between the parts.
If the parts are initially out of contact no heat transfer takes
place
Summary:
Heat Transfer Between Parts in Contact Region?
Contact Type
Initially Touching Inside Pinball Region Outside Pinball Region
Bonded Yes Yes No
No Separation Yes Yes No
Rough Yes No No
Frictionless Yes No No
The pinball region determines when contact occurs and is

automatically defined and set to a relatively small value to
accommodate small gaps in the model

DesignSpace Entra
Structural
Thermal Analysis

If the contact is bonded or no separation, then
heat transfer will occur (solid green lines)
when the surfaces are within the pinball
radius
Pinball Radius
In this figure on the right, the

gap between the two parts is
ANSYS License Availability bigger than the pinball region,
DesignSpace Entra so no heat transfer will occur
DesignSpace August 26, 2005
Professional x between the parts Inventory #002265
Structural
Thermal Analysis
Assemblies Thermal Conductance Training Manual
The amount of heat flow between two parts is defined by the

contact heat flux q:
q TCC Ttarget Tcontact

where Tcontact is the temperature of a contact node and Ttarget
is the temperature of the corresponding target node
By default, TCC is set to a relatively high value based on the
largest material conductivity defined in the model KXX and the
diagonal of the overall geometry bounding box ASMDIAG.
TCC KXX 10,000 / ASMDIAG

This essentially provides perfect conductance between parts.

DesignSpace Entra
Structural
Thermal Analysis
Perfect thermal contact conductance between parts means

that no temperature drop is assumed at the interface
One may want to include finite thermal conductance instead
The contact conductance can be influenced by many factors:
surface flatness
surface finish
oxides
entrapped fluids
contact pressure
surface temperature
DT
use of conductive grease
T
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Thermal Analysis
In ANSYS Professional licenses and above, the user may

define a finite thermal contact conductance (TCC) if the
Pure Penalty or Augmented Lagrange Formulation is used
The thermal contact conductance per unit area is input for
each contact region in the Details view
If thermal contact resistance is known invert this value and
divide by the contacting area to obtain TCC value
If Thermal Conductance is left

at Program Chosen, near-
perfect thermal contact
conductance will be defined.
thermal contact conductance can
be input which is the same as
including thermal contact
resistance at a contact interface.

DesignSpace Entra
Structural
Thermal Analysis
Thermal Contact Notes:

For symmetric contact the user does not need to account for a
double thermal contact resistance
MPC bonded contact allows for perfect thermal contact
conductance

DesignSpace Entra
Structural
Thermal Analysis
Assemblies Surface Body Contact Training Manual
Edge contact is a subset of general

contact:
For contact including shell faces or solid
edges only bonded or no separation
behavior is allowed
For contact involving shell edges only
bonded behavior using MPC formulation is
allowed:
The user can set the search direction as
either
the target normal or pinball region.
If a gap exists the pinball region can be
used for the search direction to detect
contact beyond a gap

DesignSpace Entra
Structural
Thermal Analysis
Assemblies Spot Weld Training Manual
Spot welds provide discreet heat transfer points:

Spotweld definition is done in the CAD software (currently
only DesignModeler and Unigraphics)
Spotwelds can be created in Simulation manually at vertices

DesignSpace Entra
DesignSpace x
Professional x
Structural
Mechanical/Multiphysics x
DesignModeler x
Pro/ENGINEER
Unigraphics x
SolidWorks
Inventor
Solid Edge
Mechanical Desktop
CATIA V4
CATIA V5 August 26, 2005
ACIS (SAT) Inventory #002265
Parasolid
IGES 6-18
Thermal Analysis
C. Heat Loads Training Manual

Heat Flow:
A heat flow rate can be applied to a vertex, edge, or surface. The
load gets distributed for multiple selections
Heat flow has units of energy/time
Heat Flux:
A heat flux can be applied to surfaces only
Heat flux has units of energy/time/area
Internal Heat Generation:

An internal heat generation rate can be applied to bodies only.
Heat generation has units of energy/time/volume
A positive value for heat load will add energy to the system.

DesignSpace Entra x
Structural
Thermal Analysis
Adiabatic Conditions Training Manual

Perfectly Insulated:
Perfectly insulated condition is applied to surfaces
This is the default condition in thermal analyses when no load is
applied:
This load type is used as a way to remove loading on specified surfaces
For example, it may be easier for a user to apply heat flux or convection on
an entire part, then use the perfectly insulated condition to selectively
remove the loading on some surfaces

DesignSpace Entra x
Structural
Thermal Analysis
Thermal Boundary Conditions Training Manual

Temperature, Convection and Radiation:
At least one type of thermal boundary condition must be present to
prevent the thermal equivalent of rigid body motion
Given Temperature or Convection load should not be applied on
surfaces that already have another heat load or thermal boundary
condition applied to it
Perfect insulation will override thermal boundary conditions
Given Temperature:
Imposes a temperature on vertices, edges, surfaces or bodies
Temperature is the degree of freedom solved for

DesignSpace Entra x
Structural
Thermal Analysis
Convection:

Applied to surfaces only (edges in 2D analyses)
Convection q is related to a film coefficient h, the surface area
A, and the difference in the surface temperature Tsurface &
ambient temperature Tbulk
q hATsurface Tambient
h and Tbulk are user-input values
The film coefficient h can be constant or temperature
dependent

DesignSpace Entra x
Structural
Thermal Analysis
Temperature-Dependent Convection:

Select New Convection for the Correlation
The Engineering Data tab will open and the Coefficient Type can
then be defined for the convection load
Determine what temperature is used for h(T):
Average film temperature
T=(Tsurface+Tbulk)/2
Surface temperature
T= Tsurface
Bulk temperature
T= Tbulk
Difference of surface and
bulk temperatures
T=(Tsurface-Tbulk)
Select the temperature-

dependency from the
pull-down menu

DesignSpace Entra x
Structural
Thermal Analysis
Temperature-Dependent Convection (continued):

The user inputs the film coefficients and temperatures in a table.
The values are plotted on a graph, as shown below
Temperature-dependent
convection will result in a
nonlinear solution.
The only exception is if the film
coefficient h is based on a
function of the bulk temperature
only.
Right mouse click on the table

to add or delete values.

DesignSpace Entra x
Structural
Thermal Analysis
Temperature-Dependent Convection (continued):

The convection data can also be imported from a file

DesignSpace Entra x
Structural
Thermal Analysis

Radiation:
Applied to surfaces (edges in 2D analyses)
4

QR FA Tsurface Tambient
4

Where:
= Stefan-Boltzman constant
= Emmisivity
A = Area of radiating surface
F = Form factor (1)
Provides for radiation to ambient only (not between surfaces)

Form factor assumed to be 1
Stefan Boltzman constant is determined and set automatically based
on the active working unit system
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Thermal Analysis
D. Solution Options Training Manual
Solution options are set under the Solutions branch:

The ANSYS database can be saved
Two solvers are available in Simulation:
Default = Program Chosen
Iterative = PCG solver
Direct = sparse solver
The Weak Springs and Large Deflection

options are meant for structural analyses only,
so they can be ignored for a thermal analysis

DesignSpace Entra x
Structural
Thermal Analysis
Solution Options Training Manual
Informative settings show the user the status of the

analysis:
Analysis Type
Nonlinear solution
Solver working directory
Any solver messages which appear after
solution can be checked afterwards under
Solver Messages

DesignSpace Entra x
Structural
Thermal Analysis
Solving the Model Training Manual
To solve the model, request results and Solve

If a Solution Information branch is requested, the details of
the solution output can be examined

DesignSpace Entra x
Structural
Thermal Analysis
Solving the Model Training Manual
To perform a thermal-stress solution add structural

supports and/or loads and request structural results, then
solve the model
The following will be performed automatically:
A steady-state thermal analysis will be performed
The temperature field will be mapped back onto the structural
model
A structural analysis will be performed
Simulation automates this type of coupled-field solution

DesignSpace Entra x
Structural
Thermal Analysis
E. Results and Postprocessing Training Manual
Various results are available for postprocessing:

Temperature
Heat Flux
Reaction Heat Flow Rate
In Simulation, results are usually requested before solving,

but they can be requested afterwards, too.
A new solution is not required for retrieving output of a solved
model.
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Thermal Analysis
Temperature Training Manual
Temperature:

Temperature is a scalar quantity and has no
direction associated with it.

DesignSpace Entra x
Structural
Thermal Analysis
Heat Flux Training Manual
Heat flux contour or vector plots are available:

Heat flux q is defined as
q KXX T
Total Heat Flux and Directional Heat Flux can be requested
The magnitude & direction can be plotted as vectors by activating vector
mode

DesignSpace Entra x
Structural
Thermal Analysis
Reaction Heat Flow Rate Training Manual
Reaction heat flow rates is available for Given Temperature

or Convection boundary conditions:
Reaction heat flow rate is printed in the Details view after a
solution.

DesignSpace Entra x
Structural
Thermal Analysis
Reaction Heat Flow Rate Training Manual
The Worksheet tab for the Environment branch has a

tabular summary of reaction heat flow rates
Note: if a thermal support shares a vertex, edge, or surface
with another thermal support or load the reported reaction
heat flow rate may be incorrect. The solution will still be valid,
but the reported values may not be accurate

DesignSpace Entra x
Structural
Thermal Analysis
F. Workshop 6.1 Steady State Thermal Analysis Training Manual
Workshop 6.1 Steady State Thermal Analysis

Goal:
Analyze the pump housing shown below for its heat transfer
characteristics.
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Thermal Analysis
Transient Thermal Analysis Training Manual
The previous discussion related to steady state analyses

only. The following section introduces the ability to apply
time dependent boundary conditions on thermal models
The previous sections are equally applicable in steady state
or transient analyses
Three additional areas will be addressed concerning
transient analysis:
Input time dependent boundary conditions
Set up transient solution options
Access results over time
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Thermal Analysis
G: Thermal Transient Setup Training Manual

A thermal transient analysis is
specified from the Environment
branch
An End Time must then be
entered to indicate the duration of
the analysis
Supported transient loads:
Temperature
Heat flux
Heat generation rate
Heat flow
Convection film coefficient
Ambient temperature for radiation or
convection
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Thermal Analysis
. . . Thermal Transient Setup Training Manual

When a transient analysis is requested the GUI will update with
new information sections:
Environment will contain an Initial Condition branch
Solution will contain a Transient Settings branch
A timeline and table will be inserted below the graphics screen
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Thermal Analysis
. . . Initial Conditions Training Manual
Initial conditions can be handled in 2 ways:

Uniform specified temperature
Non uniform temperature distribution based on a
previously solved Environment
Choose the steady state result to be used as an
initial condition then, RMB > Generate Transient
Environment with Initial Condition
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Thermal Analysis
H. Transient Settings Training Manual
Transient settings and details:

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Thermal Analysis
. . . Transient Settings Training Manual

Transient Details: Tabular Data Curve Type Column
Time stepping controls
Visibility of transient
information
DT (Delta Time) Legend Chart Legend

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Thermal Analysis

Automatic Step Resets:
Automatic time step reset places resets
at extreme inflection points in the load
history
The slider controls the reset frequency
Manual resets can be added by RMB in
the transient settings graph and at the
desired time point
Manual reset points can be moved by
dragging with the cursor
Move reset
point August 26, 2005
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Thermal Analysis
Time reset points are indicated by the triangular markers at

the top of the chart
Automatic resets: solid
Manual resets: wire frame
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Thermal Analysis
The visible column in the time line

legend controls specific information to
be plotted
Notice here the heat flux is applied as a
step function with solution resets at each
inflection point
Time step reset

points
Heat flux history
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Thermal Analysis
I. Transient Loads Training Manual
Transient loads are applied using the same techniques

discussed earlier. The only difference will be the setup in
the details for the load
Instead of choosing Constant (default), choose Load

History
The history data can be imported from a previously saved
file or created using the Engineering Data application
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Thermal Analysis
. . . Transient Loads Training Manual
After choosing New Load History, time and load data is entered

in the Engineering Data application
The plot builds as the data is entered
Project load histories

are managed the same
way as materials and
convections
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Thermal Analysis
J. Transient Results Training Manual

Transient results are plotted like steady state, by highlighting the
branch, however additional information and controls are available
The details view and

graphics legend
include the display
time
Timeline and tabular

data are available for
each result time
solved for
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Thermal Analysis
. . . Transient Results Training Manual

To view results from different time points:
Click on the time point of interest in the timeline
The details will indicate a red background until the results are
retrieved for the selected time point
Results not
updated New time point selected
To complete the operation, in the timeline RMB > Retrieve Results
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Thermal Analysis
. . . Transient Results Training Manual

Transient animations are
controlled using the same
controller as steady state
animations
To animate a specific range
use the mouse to drag over
the desired times
The resulting animation
will span the highlighted
region
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Thermal Analysis
K. Workshop 6.2 Transient Thermal Analysis Training Manual
Workshop 6.2 Transient Thermal Analysis

Goal:
Analyze the heating base on a steam iron like the ones shown
here for steady state and cyclic loading conditions
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Thermal Analysis: Chapter Six

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Chapter Six

In this chapter, performing steady-state and transient thermal

ANSYS Workbench Simulation

The capabilities described in this section are generally applicable

August 26, 2005

For a steady-state (static) thermal analysis in Simulation,

ANSYS Workbench Simulation

August 26, 2005

Fouriers Law provides the basis of the previous equation:

ANSYS Workbench Simulation

It is important to remember these assumptions related to

August 26, 2005

If a thermal-only solution is to be performed the Physics

ANSYS Workbench Simulation

ANSYS License Availability

In thermal analyses, all types of bodies supported by

ANSYS Workbench Simulation

ANSYS License Availability

Shell and line body assumptions:

ANSYS Workbench Simulation

ANSYS License Availability

ANSYS Workbench Simulation

If any temperature-dependent material properties exist, this will

ANSYS Workbench Simulation

ANSYS License Availability

No heat spreading is considered in the contact/target interface

ANSYS Workbench Simulation

In the figure on the left, the solid

ANSYS License Availability

If the parts are initially in contact heat transfer will occur

ANSYS Workbench Simulation

The pinball region determines when contact occurs and is

ANSYS License Availability

ANSYS Workbench Simulation

In this figure on the right, the

The amount of heat flow between two parts is defined by the

ANSYS Workbench Simulation

q TCC Ttarget Tcontact

TCC KXX 10,000 / ASMDIAG

ANSYS License Availability

Perfect thermal contact conductance between parts means

ANSYS Workbench Simulation

August 26, 2005

In ANSYS Professional licenses and above, the user may

ANSYS Workbench Simulation

If Thermal Conductance is left

ANSYS License Availability

Thermal Contact Notes:

ANSYS Workbench Simulation

ANSYS License Availability

Edge contact is a subset of general

ANSYS Workbench Simulation

ANSYS License Availability

Spot welds provide discreet heat transfer points:

ANSYS Workbench Simulation

ANSYS License Availability

ANSYS Workbench Simulation

Internal Heat Generation:

ANSYS License Availability

ANSYS Workbench Simulation

ANSYS License Availability

ANSYS Workbench Simulation

ANSYS License Availability