KURSUS : NUMBERS AND NUMBER STRUCTUR (NOMBOR

DAN STRUKTUR NOMBOR)

KOD KURSUS : MTES3013

KREDIT : 3

PENTAKSIRAN : Kerja Kursus (60%) Dan Peperiksaan Akhir

(40%)

JAM PEMBELAJARAN : Jam Pembelajaran Bersemuka 48.5

jam
Jam Pembelajaran Bukan Bersemuka 76.5jam

Nama Pensyarah : En. Sabri B. Awang Sof/ En. Ahmed B.

Suleman
Jabatan : Matematik

No. Telefon : 019-9141411/013-9271366

Email : sabri.ipgkkb@gmail.com/ahmed_ipkb@yahoo.com
Nota Kuliah MTES3103: Minggu 2 (3 Jam) Jun 2016

TOPIK 1: SISTEM ANGKA

1.1 Sistem Angka Purba:

o Angka Mesir
o Angka Rom
o Angka Babylon
o Angka Mayan
1.2 Sistem Angka Hindu-Arab
TOPIK 1: SISTEM ANGKA

1.1 Sistem Angka Purba

Topik 1

topik ini merangkumi pelbagai

perkembangan sistem Pernomboran,
sistem awal sehingga Sistem
Pernomboran Hindu-Arab

Sistem Pernomboran Awal adalah :

Sistem Pernomboran Tally, Sistem
Pernomboran Roman, Sistem
Pernomboran Egyptian, Sistem
Pernomboran Maya dan Sistem
Pernomboran Babylonian.
 Numeration System
Ancient Civilization

European
Hindu- Arabic 670 AD tim
now
e
4000 BC 3000 BC 2000 BC 1000 BC 0 1000 AD 2000 AD
Babylonian Egypt Indian Greece---Rome
 Numeration Systems

European
Hindu- Arabic 670 AD time
now

4000 BC 3000 BC 2000 BC 1000 BC 0 1000 AD 2000 AD

Babylonia Egypt Indian Greece---Rome
 Numeration Systems

European
Hindu- Arabic 670 AD tim
now
e
4000 BC 3000 BC 2000 BC 1000 BC 0 1000 AD 2000 AD
Babylonian Egypt Indian Greece---Rome
 Numeration Systems

European
Hindu- Arabic 670 AD tim
now
e
4000 BC 3000 BC 2000 BC 1000 BC 0 1000 AD 2000 AD
Babylonian Egypt Indian Greece---Rome
 Numeration Systems

European
Hindu- Arabic 670 AD tim
now
e
4000 BC 3000 BC 2000 BC 1000 BC 0 1000 AD 2000 AD
Babylonian Egypt Indian Greece---Rome
 Numeration Systems

European
Hindu- Arabic 670 AD tim
now
e
4000 BC 3000 BC 2000 BC 1000 BC 0 1000 AD 2000 AD
Babylonian Egypt Indian Greece---Rome
 Numeration Systems

Mayan
2000 BC-1546
AD European
now tim
e
4000 BC 3000 BC 2000 BC 1000 BC 0 1000 AD 2000 AD
Babylonian Egypt Indian Greece---Rome
 Numeration Systems

Europea
Hindu- Arabic 670 n tim
now
AD e
4000 BC 3000 BC 2000 BC 1000 BC 0 1000 AD 2000 AD
Babylonian Egypt Indian Greece---Rome
 Numeration Systems

Early Numeration Different Numeration Hindu-

Arabic Numeration
Systems Systems Systems

Number of symbols and grouping in various bases

Changing base b to base 10 and vice versa
Early Numeration Systems

In olden days, people used several ways to record the few

numbers they needed.
- For instance, to represent the number of sheep in a flock, a
shepherd collected pebbles. By matching the pebbles
against the flock, the shepherd could see if any of his sheep
were missing.

Then people began to use symbols to represent

numbers. people formed numerals simply by
repeating basic symbols and adding their
values to get the number they wanted.
- The Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans used
numeral systems of this kind.
 The Tally Numeration System

THE SIMPLEST amongst the numeration systems.

composed of single strokes, one for each object
being counted.

However, two disadvantages of using this system

are that
large numbers require many individual symbols,
and
it is difficult to read the numerals for such large
numbers.
The Tally Numeration
System
 The Tally Numeration System-
cont.
For example,
can you quickly tell what number is
represented by these tally marks?

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII

Not easy, right?

 The Tally Numeration System-
cont.

The Tally system was improved

by grouping whereby the fifth
tally mark was placed across
every four to make a group of five
just like this:

Grouping makes it easier to

recognize the number being
represented.
 The Egyptian
Numeration System
 The Egyptian Numeration
System- cont.
The Egyptian system is an example of a
simple grouping numeration system.
The numbers are formed by combining
copies of the symbols that represent
the powers of ten. This numeration
system is based upon tally marks, that
is,
 The Egyptian Numeration
System- cont.
However, after 9, they needed a new symbol
that began grouping to represent certain sets
of numbers. The next value was (heel
bone) that represented 10.

As mentioned earlier, the Egyptian method for

recording quantities is based on 10 with a
symbol for one, ten, and each successive power
of ten.

However, THERE WAS NO SYMBOL FOR ZERO.

Some symbols used in the Egyptian Numeration are illustrated below:
The Egyptian system followed an additive property-the value of the
number was the sum of the face values of the numerals, for example:

Thats right! The above hieroglyphics (

character dalam bentuk gambar )
represent a value of 21,346.
 EXERCISE

Try writing 465,123 using the

Egyptian System
 REVIEW
What is the symbol used?
What is the rule/properties used?
Is place value important/immaterial?
Why?
 The Roman Numeration System

The Roman Numeration System is a more

sophisticated simple grouping system compared
to the Egyptian Numeration System.

Advantages over the Egyptian system include

utilising the:
subtractive principle that allows numbers to be
represented more concisely, and
multiplicative principle that makes writing large
numbers easier.
The following table shows the eight alphabets that are used
to denote different values in the Roman Numeration System
and their corresponding values in the Hindu-Arabic
Numeration System.
 ROMAN NUMBER
What is the value of these Roman Number?
IV
V
VI
IX
X
XI
Can you guess the rule of writing Roman
Number?
Certain rules have to be followed when using the Roman Numeration System,
that is:

Only the symbols I, X, C, and M may be

repeated, but never write a symbol more
than 3 times in succession. If a fourth symbol
seems necessary, use the subtraction
principle. e.g XXXX = XL

We can only subtract numerals from the next

2 higher numerals. (e.g. you can have IV and
IX, but you cannot have IL, IC, ID, IM)
 Certain rules cont.

Use a bar above a symbol(s) to indicate

multiplication by 1000 e.g.

V means 5 x 1000 = 5000;

IX means 9 x 1000 = 9000

 Certain rules cont.

Use vertical bars to indicate

multiplication by 100 e.g.
| V | means 5 x 100 = 500 ;

| L | ??

| L | means 50 x 1000 x 100 = 5,000,000

 Certain rules cont.
If the Roman numerals are listed such that
each numeral has a larger value than the
numeral to its right, then the value of the
numeral is found using an Additive
property.
the subtraction of these values is allowed
only if the value of the numeral to the right
is within two rows on the table above of the
numeral to the left, for example:
XL = ? ; XC = ?
but XD is not equal to 490 because X is 3
rows from D in the table shown above.
 Certain rules cont.

The Roman system is a positional

system since the position of a number
can affect the value of a number being
represented, for example:
XI is eleven whereas IX is
nine

When writing very large numbers,

the Roman Numeration System also
employs a Multiplicative property,
for example:
 IX
IX = 9 x 1000 = 9000 ;
IDI CCLXII = ?
IDI CCLXII = 500 x 100 + 100 +
100 + 50 +10 + 2
= 50,262
 EXERCISE : )
Write using Roman Numerals:
5794709 =
3045368070 =
 REVIEW
What is the symbol used?
What is the rule/properties used?
Is place value important/immaterial?
Why?
 Babylonian numeration
system
-uses only two numerals or symbols, a
one and a ten to represent numbers
and they looked this these :

-
-
Example

5 is written as shown:

12 is written as shown:
45 is written as shown:
the Babylonian System was a positional, base-60
(sexagesimal) system. Notice that for numbers 1
through 59, the system is repetitive, that is, the system
was an additive system..
Babylonian numerals
 For number bigger than 59, the
babylonian used a place value
system with a base of 60
62 is written as shown:

Notice this time the use of a big space to

separate the space value
 Although the Babylonian numeration
system was developed around the
same time as the Egyptian system,
the Babylonian System was more
sophisticated in that the idea of
place value was used, where
symbols represented different
values depending on the place in
which they were written.
Example
 REVIEW
What is the symbol used?
What is the rule/properties used?
Is place value important/immaterial?
Why?
 The Mayan Numeration System

The Mayan Numeration System was a

base-20 system (vigesimal) that used
only three symbols comprising a system
of shells, bars and dots in a vertical
place value system. A dot represented
one, a bar represented five and a shell
represented zero. The chart below
shows the first complete cycle of Mayan
numbers.
Mayan numeration system
 this system has two significant
differences from the system we
use
the place values are :
arranged vertically,
and
they use a base 20, or vigesimal, system.
the Mayans only used 20 symbols for the
numbers from 0 to 19 just as we only use 10
symbols for 0 to 9. A base 20 system would
have place values like this: 1, 20 1, 202, 203,
etc.
However, the Mayans had one deviation
from base 20. Their place values were:
1, 20, 2018, 20218, 20318 etc.
= 11(2,880,000) =
31,680,000

= 0144,000 = 0

= 147200 = 100,800

= 0360 = 0

=1720 = 340

=8
 The number written in Mayan
shorthand would be:
11.0.14.0.17.8 where each
number between the periods
is the number for the place
value.
There are two advantages when using
this system for expressing numbers,

large numbers can be easily

expressed thus, long time
periods can be recorded; and

simple arithmetic can be

easily accomplished by the
users.
 REVIEW
What is the symbol used?
What is the rule/properties used?
Is place value important/immaterial?
Why?