Prime Numbers and Composite

Numbers
Relationship between the highest common
factor (HCF) and the lowest common
multiple (LCM):

axb
LCM(a,b)=
HCF( a,b )
Highest Common Factors
& Lowest common
Multiples
 Multiples
What is a multiple?
A number that may be divided by another number with no
remainder: 4, 6, and 12 are multiples of 2.

i.e. Multiples of 3 are all those numbers which appear in the

3 times table

What are common multiples?

A common multiple of two or more numbers contains each
of them a number of times exactly, so, 24 is a common
multiple of 3 and 4.

i.e. A number which appears in the times tables of all the

numbers you are considering
 Lowest Common Multiples
Whatdo we mean by lowest
common multiple?
The smallest multiple that is exactly divisible by every
member of a set of numbers.
i.e. the lowest common multiple of 12 and 18 is 36

How can we find lowest common

multiples?
Write out the first few multiples of all the numbers in the data
set
Look for the lowest number that appears in all the lists
 Finding Lowest common multiples
Example:

Find the lowest common multiple of 3

and 7.
First few multiples of 3:
3 6 9 12 15 18 21

First few multiples of 7:

7 14 21

The lowest common multiple of 3 and 7 is:

21
 LOWEST COMMON MULTIPLES

Find the lowest common multiples for the

following sets of numbers:

5 and 7 6 and 10 4, 6, and 12

LCM = 35 LCM = 30 LCM = 24

 Factors
What is a factor?
Factors of a number are those numbers that
divide into it exactly with no remainder.

I.e. the factors of 12 are 1, 12, 2, 6, 3 and 4.

*What are common factors?

Common factors are those factors which
divide exactly into all the numbers in the set.
 Highest Common Factors
Whatdo we mean by highest
common factor?
The highest common factor of a data set is the
largest number that divides exactly into all the
numbers.

*How can we find highest common

factors?
List the first few factors of each number
Look for the highest number that appears
in all lists.
 Finding Highest Common
Factors
Example

Find the highest common factor of 12 and 15.

The factors of 12 are:

1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 12
The factors of 15 are:
1, 3, 5, 15

So the highest common factor of 12 and 15 is

3
 Highest common factors
Find the highest common factors of
the following sets of numbers.

20 and 30 14 and 12

HCF = 10 HCF = 2

24, 36, and 42 40, 45 and 50

HCF = 6 HCF = 5
 Prime Factors
Sometimes we want to find just the
prime factors of two numbers.

What is a prime number?

A prime number only has 2 factors and those 2

factors must be 1 and the number itself.
The first 5 prime numbers are:
2, 3, 5, 7, and 11
2-5 Highest Common Factor (GCF)
 2-5 Highest Common Factor (HCF)

1) Write each number in prime factorization form and identify the common prime factors.

2) Find the product of the common prime factors.

 2-6 Lowest Common Multiple (LCM)

Finding the Lowest Common Multiple (LCM) of two or

more whole numbers using the Individual Prime-
Factoring Method:
 HOMEWORK
Q: What is the rule to test whether the
number
is divisible by
(a) 4

(b) 7

(c) 8
1.Find
(i)GCF ( 239, 51 )
(ii)GCF ( 1403, 549 )
(iii)GCF ( 2160, 999 )
 GOLDBACHS
CONJECTURE

Simple, but Unproved

 Goldbachs Conjecture

Christian Goldbach, March 18, 1690

- November 20, 1764, stated that:
Every even number greater than
two can be written as the sum of two
primes
(the same prime may be used twice)
 Goldbachs Conjecture
One of the oldest unsolved problems in
number theory and in all of mathematics.

The conjecture is divided into two parts

known as the weak and strong conjecture
respectively.

The conjecture has had additions since

Goldbachs original theory was presented.
Salah satu masalah yang tidak dapat diselesaikan
tertua dalam teori bilangan dan dalam semua
matematik.

dugaan ini dibahagikan kepada dua bahagian yang

dikenali sebagai sangkaan semata-mata yang
lemah dan kuat masing-masing.

dugaan yang telah mempunyai penambahan sejak

teori asal Goldbach telah dibentangkan.
 Goldbachs Conjecture
Goldbach originally every number
described his greater than five
conjectures in a can be written as
letter to Leonhard the sum of three
Euler in 1742. primes (weak)
every even number

greater than two

can be written as
the sum of two
primes (strong)
 Examples
54 = 7 + 47 and
4=2+2 11 + 43 and 13 +
6 = 3 + 3 41 and 17 + 37
8 = 3 + 5 and 23 + 31, .
10 = 3 + 7 and

5+5
12 = 5 + 7

14 = 3 + 11 and

7+7
 Extreme Example
389965026819938 = 5569 (prime)
+
389965026814369 (also prime)