Wind Loading

Background
Standards
Design
Wind Loading

Page 2
Wind Loading

Page 3
Wind Loading

Page 4
Wind Loading

CP3: Chapter V: Part 2

Code of basic data for the design of buildings

Chapter V . Loadings Part 2. Wind loads

BS 6399-2:1997

Loadings for buildings Part2: Code of practice

for wind loads

Page 5
Wind Loading - CP3

Wind Speed - 3 second gust

Exposure

Open Country

Open Country, scattered wind breaks

Small towns, outskirts of cities

City centres

Building Height

Page 6
Wind Loading - BS6399

Wind Speed - hourly mean

Height above sea level

Distance from sea

Exposure

Town

Country

Building height

Page 7
Wind Loading - BS6399

Standard Method

Directional Method

Page 8
Wind Loading - BS6399

Site Wind Speed

Vs = Vb x Sa x Sd x Ss x Sp

Vb Basic wind speed

Sa Altitude factor

Sd Direction factor

Ss Seasonal factor

Sp Probability factor

Page 9
Wind Loading - BS6399

Page 10
Wind Loading - BS6399

Altitude factor

Sa = 1+ 0.001x Height above sea level

If topography not significant

As a generalisation any building more than half-way up

a hill, or an on a ridge or cliff will have increase wind
loading and a more detailed calculation of Sa will be
required

Page 11
Wind Loading - BS6399

Page 12
Wind Loading - BS6399

Sd Direction factor

Page 13
Wind Loading - BS6399

Ss Seasonal factor = 1

Sp Probability factor = 1

1 in 50 years storm

Page 14
Example calculation

Vs = Vb x Sa x Sd x Ss x Sp

Sa =1.005

Sd =1

Ss = 1

Sp = 1

Vs = 16.63 x 1.01 x 1 x 1 x1 = 16.80 m/s

Page 15
Wind Loading - BS6399

Effective wind speed

Ve = Vs x Sb

Sb = Terrain & Building Factor

Site in town or country

Distance from the sea

Page 16
Wind Loading - BS6399

Page 17
 Building size:
Example calculation
H = 26.2 m
L = 44.3 m
Ve = Vs x Sb

Sb = 1.97 for distance 30 km from sea and He = 26.2 m

Ve = Vs x Sb = 16.80 x 1.932 = 32.5 m/s

Page 18
Wind Loading - BS6399

Dynamic Pressure

qs = 0.613 x Ve2

qs = 0.613 x (32.5)2 = 647.5 N/m2

= 0.65 kN/m2

Page 19
Wind Loading - BS6399

Pressure to structure

External pressure

pe = qs x Cpe x Ca

Cpe is the external pressure coefficient

Ca is the size effect factor = 1

Page 20
Wind Loading - BS6399

Page 21
 Page 22
Wind Loading - BS6399

Internal pressure

pi = qs x Cpi x Ca

Cpi is the internal pressure coefficient

Ca is the size effect factor = 1

Page 23
Wind Loading - BS6399

Page 24
Wind Loading - BS6399

Wind Loads

p = pe - pi

Page 25
Wind Loading - BS6399

Page 26
Wind Loading - BS6399

Page 27
Wind Loading - BS6399

Page 28
Wind Loading - BS6399

Page 29
Wind Loading - BS6399

Page 30
 Malaysia Wind Map

Page 31
 Page 32
Wind speed gust

Page 33
 Page 34 *Sources of data: Razali, A.M et al, Mapping of Annual Extreme Wind Speed
Analysis from 12 Stations in Peninsular Malaysia