PENGELOLAAN

HUTAN & TAMAN KOTA

Sumber:
Weber, F. , I.Kowarik dan I. Sumel. 2014. A walk on the wild side: Perceptions
of roadside vegetation beyond trees. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening, 13
(2): 205212.

Urban nature is of vital importance for human well-being in an increasingly

urbanized world. Despite the wide variety of urban greenspaces, previous
research has mostly focussed on parks and in particular presence of trees.
Although streets are fundamental urban structures and offer an array of
green elements beyond trees, the perception and valuation of other kinds of
roadside vegetation by urban residents is understudied so far. Weber,
Kowarik dan Sumel (2014) explores the range of roadside vegetation and
associated ecosystem services perceived by city dwellers in densely
populated inner city districts of two German cities.
Results confirmed the important role of trees but also demonstrated that city
dwellers perceive a variety of cultivated and wild green components other
than trees. Respondents attached a wide range of meanings and values to
roadside greenery and showed a surprisingly high awareness of associated
ecosystem services. Wild urban roadside vegetation met with high approval,
although planted and maintained vegetation was preferred.
The trees and other elements of roadside vegetation fulfil important functions
in the view of the public. For many respondents, ecological and economical
functions of roadside vegetation were more important than orderliness. This
indicates opportunities for enhancing the biodiversity of urban streetscapes.
As public green spaces are in short supply in many cities, enhancing
cultivated and wild roadside vegetation could help to deliver ecosystem
Cowett,F.D. dan N.L. Bassuk. 2014. Statewide assessment of street trees in
New York State, USA.
Urban Forestry and Urban Greening, 13 (2): 213220.

In the United States, street tree management and planning occurs at

regional, state, and local levels. However, state and federal officials
charged with managing streets trees at the regional and state levels
typically lack the comprehensive, detailed information available to
local officials in a street tree inventory such as species composition
and tree size distribution. Statewide street tree assessments
employing a variety of methodologies have been conducted to fill this
knowledge gap. Cowett dan Bassuk (2014) examines these past
assessments and builds upon them in conducting a street tree
assessment for New York State in which geographic variability in
statewide street tree inventory data is accounted for through
weighted averaging of estimates.
 Conway, T.M. dan E. Bang. 2014. Willing partners? Residential support for
municipal urban forestry policies. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening, 13 (2):
234243.
Cities across North America are adopting ambitious goals to grow their urban
forests. As existing trees and new planting opportunities are often located on
private property, residents support and participation is needed in order to
meet these goals. However, little research has examined support for
municipal urban forestry efforts, including policies specifically targeting
residential areas. Conway dan Bang (2014) conducted this research to (1)
assess resident level of support for common urban forestry policies and (2)
determine if there are specific household characteristics associated with
different levels of policy support.
The majority of residents had neutral to very positive attitudes toward
common municipal policies encouraging planting and restricting removal of
trees, but support levels were lower for the policies than for general
statements about desired presence and size of urban trees. Several
characteristics are significantly related to level of policy support, including
age of household members, education-level, property-level tree density,
recent tree planting activity and age of house. Interviews also highlighted
residents apprehensions about living among tall trees and older resident's
concerns with tree maintenance.
The most residents would be willing partners in urban forestry efforts, with
many of these residents already actively planting and maintain trees.
However, to increase support and participation rates, different types of trees
 Zhang, H. and C.Y. Jim . 2014. Contributions of landscape trees in public
housing estates to urban biodiversity in Hong Kong. Urban Forestry & Urban
Greening, 13 (2): 272284.
Public housing estates (PHEs) in Hong Kong, accommodating 3.3 million of
the 7-million population, have generous landscape planting in their grounds.
The independent tree management regime generates a tree stock that
deviates from the general urban-tree population. Zhang dan Jim (2014)
evaluated species composition, floristic diversity, importance value, and
spatial distribution of trees in 102 PHEs (half of the total) occupying 8.31km 2
(territory land area of 1104km2), assessed their contribution to urban
biodiversity, and developed a species selection strategy to enrich urban
biodiversity. About 48,823 trees belonged to 232 species, 151 genera and 59
families. Natives contributed 69 species and 10,837 trees. Species profile was
skewed toward exotic species and trees. The species were divided into six
frequency groups.
The signature group had 45 species each with >200 trees. The dominant,
common and occasional groups had 20, 26 and 48 species, respectively. 59
species in the rare group and 34 in the solitary group denoted changing and
diverse species selections, respectively. Nonmetric Multidimensional Scaling
(NMDS) found that species distribution in PHEs was strongly associated with
species diversity, estate area and estate age. However, district and region
were not correlated with NMDS. Some 98 species were significantly correlated
(Spearman) with one or both NMDS axes. Species groups were analyzed to
inform a species selection strategy to improve future planting program and
 Loeb, R.E., S. King dan J. Helton. 2014. Human pathways are barriers to
beavers damaging trees and saplings in urban forests. Urban Forestry &
Urban Greening, 13 (2): 290294.
Urban North American beaver (Castor canadensis) damage of trees
and saplings was compared between shore forests and forests uphill
of macadam, wood chip, and raised wood board human pathways
used daily in Radnor Lake State Natural Area, Nashville, TN (Loeb,
King dan Helton. 2014). Comparisons of beaver damage were made
between shore forests and forests uphill of bare earth deer paths
used less than once a month by humans and the forests were on 5%
and 30% slopes.

Significant differences in beaver damage of trees and saplings were

found between forests uphill of the human pathways used daily and
the respective shore forests. Beaver damage of trees and saplings
was not significantly different between the shore forests and forests
uphill of the deer paths used less than once a month by humans for
the 5% slope forest; however, the differences were significant for the
30% slope forest.

Beaver damage of trees and saplings was significantly greater in the

uphill of the deer paths forests than the uphill of the human pathways
forests for comparable slope forests. Human scent on the pathways
 strm,E.S. , M. Nordin, Y. Lundell, A.Dolling, U. Wiklund, M.Karlsson,
B.Carlberg, dan L.S.Jrvholm. 2014. Restorative effects of visits to urban
and forest environments in patients with exhaustion disorder. Urban
Forestry & Urban Greening, 13 (2): 344354.

This experimental study investigated differences in perceived

restorativeness, mood, attention capacity and physiological reactions
when visiting city and forest environments. Twenty female patients
diagnosed with exhaustion disorder visited three different forest
environments and one city environment in randomized order. They
performed a standardized 90-min test procedure in each of these
environments. Evaluation of the environments and psychological
effects in mood were studied with self-administered questionnaires.
Attention capacity was studied with Necker Cube Pattern Control task.
Physiological responses were measured with regularly scheduled
controls of heart rate and blood pressure, and a single test of heart
rate recovery. Visits to the forest environments were perceived as
significantly more restorative, enhancing mood and attention
capacity compared to the city. This also applies to the results of heart
rate and to some extent to the results of the diastolic blood pressure.
The results from this experimental study support our hypothesis that
short visits to forest environments enhance both psychological and
Hamada, S., T. Tanaka dan T. Ohta. 2013. Impacts of land use and topography
on the cooling effect of green areas on surrounding urban areas. Urban
Forestry & Urban Greening, 12 (4): 426434.

Few studies have examined the influence of land use and terrain on
the cooling effect of green areas on surrounding urban areas.
Hamada, Tanaka dan Ohta (2013) investigated the spatial
distribution of the cooling effect of green areas on surrounding urban
areas in Heiwa Park, Nagoya, central Japan, by applying surface
temperature (Ts) information obtained from Advanced Spaceborne
Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) image data.
The cooling effect was found to extend in many directions into the
urban areas. The spatial distribution of Ts showed that commercial
areas interrupted the flow of park cooling, whereas other types of
urban areas expanded park cooling more effectively. We hypothesise
that this was the result of differences in geometric and thermal
properties and anthropogenic heat release between commercial and
other areas. The spatial distribution of Ts also reflected the effects of
topography on park cooling. The green area at our study site was
located on a hill, and the downward slope and valley terrain inside
the park increased the cooling effect towards the surrounding urban
areas. To improve the thermal environment of urban areas and the
 Sung, C.Y. 2013. Mitigating surface urban heat island by a tree protection
policy: A case study of The Woodland, Texas, USA. Urban Forestry & Urban
Greening, 12 (4): 2013 474480.

The Woodlands Township, TX, has a tree protection policy that

consists of tree removal permits and minimum tree and shrub cover
regulations. Sung (2013) examined the effect of The Woodlands tree
protection policy on surface urban heat island (SUHI) at the
neighborhood scale by comparing the mean land surface
temperatures (LSTs) derived from 37 thermal infrared bands of
Landsat TM images between The Woodlands neighborhoods and
nearby control neighborhoods without such a policy.
To rule out the effect of confounding factors that may influence LSTs,
the control neighborhoods were selected to be similar in physical and
socioeconomic status to The Woodlands neighborhoods. LSTs of The
Woodlands neighborhoods were, on average, 1.53.9C lower than
those of the control neighborhoods. The cooling effect of The
Woodlands tree protection policy was more prominent in summer
when SUHI mitigation was mostly needed.
The local tree protection policy is effective in mitigating SUHI at the
neighborhood scale.
 Qin, J. , X. Zhou, C. Sun, H. Leng dan Z. Lian. . 2013. Influence of green
spaces on environmental satisfaction and physiological status of urban
residents. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 12 (4): 490497.

Influence of urban green spaces on human was evaluated with

subjective questionnaires as well as physiological measurements.
Five sample plots vary in color, size and scent of major plants and
one no-vegetation area located in Shanghai Botanical Garden, China
were chosen (Qin et al., 2013). About 249 questionnaires on
subjective satisfaction evaluation were collected; in addition to 64
visitors took the measurement of physiological parameters like
Electroencephalogram (EEG) and Electrocardiogram (ECG). The color
is one of the most important factors which affect the overall
satisfaction of people with their vegetation environment. The way
how people perceive vegetation environment was probed by PCA
analysis. Age difference analysis show children and elder people
presented higher satisfaction with vegetation environment than
adults. Significant negative correlation between the ratio of low-
frequency to high-frequency (LF/HF) values in heart rate variability
(HRV) analysis and satisfaction values indicated HRV may be an
effective parameter for green spaces influence evaluation.
. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, Volume 12, Issue 4, 2013, Pages 554561
Variations of urban greenness across urban structural units in
Beijing, China
Hua-Feng Wanga, , , Jiang-Xiao Qiub, Jrgen Breustec, Cynthia Ross Friedmand,
Wei-Qi Zhoua, Xiao-Ke Wang.
Urban structural units (USUs) are work (or similar) units in urbanized areas. In
this study, USUs based on urban land use and land cover were used to
explain and compare urban ecological conditions within Beijing. This study
focused on the spatial pattern of land use for different USUs in urban areas.
The results showed that 453 USUs belong to 12 primary USUs and to 38
different secondary USUs. The percentage of built-up area was highest in
those regions with hotels, and lowest in areas with cemeteries. The
percentage of woodland area was highest in primary and middle schools, and
the lowest in entertainment plazas. The percentage of grassland area was
highest in farmland or orchards, and lowest in Siheyuan (courtyards). The
percentage of green space is highest in lands dedicated to middle and
primary schools, and lowest in areas with museums. There is no significant
linear relationship between construction period and green space percentage
in Colleges/Universities (R=0.045, p=0.806>0.05) and Parks (R=0.13,
p=0.43>0.05). However, there was an inverted-U curve relationship with
the relevant housing price in the residential area, a relationship that can be
described by the equation: f=17736.45+348.21x4.15x2,
p=0.0022<0.05. This relationship implied that the socio-economic factors
like housing prices may be a factor in determining the green space pattern of
 Koeser, A. , R. Hauer, K. Norris dan R. Krouse. 2013. Factors influencing
long-term street tree survival in Milwaukee, WI, USA. Urban Forestry & Urban
Greening, 12 (4): 562568.

Street trees are exposed to a variety of site conditions, environmental

factors, and physical disturbances which influence their survival in
urban areas. Koeser et al. (2013) study on 25 years of urban forest
monitoring data from the city of Milwaukee, WI (United States) to
model the impacts of these factors on tree survival for a single cohort
of trees. Tree condition, tree size, tree species, and site attributes
were measured initially in 1979. These factors were measured again
in 1989 and 2005 and compared to construction data for the same
area during the study period. Multivariate logistic regression was
used to identify factors associated with tree survival. Cross-validation
show the final model could successfully predict tree survival nearly
85% of the time.
The tree survival varied by species. Additionally, trees were more
likely to die as trunk diameter increased, planting space width
decreased in the tree lawn, and tree condition decreased. The trees
adjacent to construction were nearly twice as likely to die as those
not exposed to development and redevelopment activities.
 Ugolini, F., R.Tognetti, A. Raschi, dan L. Bacci . 2013. Quercus ilex L. as
bioaccumulator for heavy metals in urban areas: Effectiveness of leaf
washing with distilled water and considerations on the trees distance from
traffic. . Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 12 (4): 576584.
In recent years the use of plants as bioaccumulators or bioindicators has
increased because enable the prediction of pollution for monitoring purposes,
even in urban environments where traffic is a major source of heavy metals
pollution. Ugolini et al. (2013) hypothesized that the holm oak (Quercus ilex
L.) is a valid trapping species for heavy metals. It is also hypothesized that
metals capture capacity by deposition on the crown is connected to the
surrounding environmental characteristics and the distance of trees from the
source of pollution. This study was conducted in the city of Florence. Holm
oaks were selected in different sites near to heavy traffic roads.
Concentrations of Zn, Pb, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Cr, and Ba were analyzed through
two methods: leaf washing with distilled water and leaf unwashing.
One-year-old leaves (new leaves) were also compared with previous-year
leaves (old leaves). The good capacity of this species to capture heavy
metals (Pb, Fe, Mn, Cr, and Ba), particularly due to the presence of old
leaves, which enhance the crown deposition surface. Washing was effective
and it allowed testing the behaviour with regard to microelements: new
leaves showed high Cu concentration, while old leaves had high Pb
concentration. The dispersion of metals through the atmosphere was
assessed through regression analysis, in two comparable gardens: leaves at
farther distance from the traffic were richer in Zn, Pb, Mn, and Ba. The
 Zhang, Z., Y. Lv, dan H. Pan . 2013. Cooling and humidifying effect of plant
communities in subtropical urban parks. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 12
(3): 323329.

Urban vegetation has been proved to play an important role in

mitigating the heat island effect. However, it is not clear how
independent small-scale plant communities affected the
microclimate. Zhang, Lv dan Pan (2013) investigated effects of
fifteen plant communities on temperature and relative humidity from
November 2010 to October 2011 in urban parks in subtropical
Shenzhen City, China. The canopy density, canopy area, tree height
and the background climate conditions under plant communities were
measured. The effects of small-scale plant communities on
temperature and relative humidity were the most significant at 1400
1500h during the day. The temperature reduction and relative
humidity increase due to small-scale plant communities were higher
in summer, followed by autumn, spring and winter. As compared to
the control open sites, the temperature reduction due to plant
communities ranged from 2.14C to 5.15C, and the relative
humidity increase ranged from 6.21% to 8.30%. We found that
multilayer plant communities were the most effective in terms of
their cooling and humidifying effect, while bamboo groves were the
least effective.
Yang , J., J. McBride, J. Zhou, dan Z. Sun. 2005. The urban forest in Beijing
and its role in air pollution reduction. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening, 3
(2): 6578.

Tree planting has been proposed by the municipal government as a

measure to alleviate air pollution in Beijing, the capital of China. Yang
et al. (2005) analysed satellite images and field surveys to establish
the characteristics of current urban forest in the central part of
Beijing. The influence of the urban forest on air quality was studied
using the Urban Forest Effects Model. The results show that there are
2.4 million trees in the central part of Beijing. The diameter
distribution of the trees is skewed toward small diameters. The urban
forest is dominated by a few species. The condition of trees in the
central part of Beijing is not ideal; about 29% of trees were classified
as being in poor condition.
The trees in the central part of Beijing removed 1261.4tons of
pollutants from the air in 2002. The air pollutant that was most
reduced was PM10 (particulate matters with an aerodynamic diameter
smaller than 10m), the reduction amounted to 772tons. The
carbon dioxide (CO2) stored in biomass form by the urban forest
amounted to about 0.2 million tons.
Rahman,M.A., J.G. Smith, P. Stringer, dan A.R. Ennos. 2011. Effect of rooting
conditions on the growth and cooling ability of Pyrus calleryana. Urban
Forestry and Urban Greening, 10 (3): 185192.

Urban forests appear to be an excellent way of mitigating the urban heat

island and adapting cities to climate change, as trees provide cooling by
evapotranspiration. However, effects of urban growing conditions on tree
growth and cooling performance have not been widely investigated. The
current study addresses this shortcoming by studying the growth and leaf
physiology of the commonly planted urban tree Pyrus calleryana
Chanticleer.
Rahman, et al. (2011) study between February and November, 2010 on
streets in Manchester, UK, where P. calleryana trees had been growing for
five to six years under three contrasting growth conditions: in pavement; in
grass verges; and in Amsterdam soil.
Trees in Amsterdam soil had grown almost twice as fast as those in
pavements, the difference being related to their lower degree of soil
compaction, and hence lower shear strength. Trees grown in Amsterdam soil
also had better performance in leaf physiological parameters such as
stomatal conductance, leaf water potential, and foliar nutrient status.
Phenological observations were also consistent with the observed differences
in growth. The lower soil moisture content at 20cm depth in Amsterdam soil
also suggested there was a higher infiltration rate and more moisture
available to plant roots. The enhanced growth and physiological performance
 Rahman , M.A., D. Armson, dan A.R. Ennos. 2014. Effect of urbanization and
climate change in the rooting zone on the growth and physiology of Pyrus
calleryana. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 13 (2): 2014 325335.

It is well known that trees can reduce the urban heat island and adapt
our cities to climate change through evapotranspiration. However,
the effects of urbanization and anticipated climate change in the soil
root rhizosphere have not been widely investigated. Rahman ,
Armson, dan Ennos (2014) studied the growth and physiology of the
urban tree Pyrus calleryana grown in a factorial experiment with or
without urbanization and simulated climate change between April
2010 and December 2012 in the Botanical Grounds of the University
of Manchester, UK.
The urbanization and simulated climate change had small but
contrasting effects on tree growth and morphology. Urbanization
increased tree growth by 2030%, but did not affect leaf area index
(LAI) and showed reduced peak water loss and hence
evapotranspirational cooling. Although soil moisture content in the
upper 20cm was higher in the urbanized plots, urbanization showed
reduced sap flux density, reduced chlorophyll a:b and delayed
recovery of chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv:Fm) throughout the
experimental period.
Gill, S.E., M.A. Rahman, J.F. Handley, dan A.R. Ennos . 2013. Modelling water
stress to urban amenity grass in Manchester UK under climate change and its
potential impacts in reducing urban cooling. Urban Forestry and Urban
Greening, 12 (3): 350358.

It is well known that the evapotranspiration of vegetation such as

grass can help to reduce the urban heat island. However, the cooling
can be reduced or lost in summer droughts, when soils dry out, an
effect that is likely to be more pronounced and occur for longer as
climate change proceeds. Gill et al. (2013) modelled the likely effect
of climate change on the droughting of amenity grass in Greater
Manchester, UK. The simple Bucket model was used with data on
Greater Manchester's soils, and its current and anticipated
precipitation and potential evapotranspiration. This was
experimentally validated by measuring the weight loss of ryegrass
turves.
The dramatic increase in drought, especially in the drier south west of
the conurbation, with some areas exhibiting reduced
evapotranspiration for 35 months by the 2080s, and
evapotranspiration reducing by over a half for 12 months, in an
average year. Such changes could have large effects on the urban
heat island, resulting in increases in surface temperatures of up to
15C in areas where grass accounts for a large proportion of the
Vidrih, B. dan S. Medved. 2013. Multiparametric model of urban park cooling
island. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 12 (2): 220229.

Vidrih dan Medved (2013) studied mitigation of the heat island effect in the built
environment with urban (city) parks. The park cooling island (PCI) effect, considering
park grass cover and trees density and age, is determined for selected extreme
summer days at various wind speeds under the optimum soil water conditions in the
root zone based on an all-day quasi-stationary thermal response. PCI was determined
numerically by coupling a CFD model of an urban park and quasi-steady state, two-
zone thermal response boundary condition models of each park element. The boundary
models are evaluated in form of multi-parameter approximation polynomials taking into
account the sensible and latent heat transfer and the geometrical, optical and thermal
properties of park elements. Three-dimensional CFD modelling was used for the
determination of temperature, humidity and air velocity fields in an urban park with a
size of 140m140m. Based on the comparison of the measured and numerically
determined air temperatures in the tree crowns, we proved that the method of linking
the models is adequate for temperature and flow condition modelling in the city park
environment.
The results are presented in the form of local PCI as the difference between local air
temperature in the pedestrian zone and the reference air temperature preceding the
park. The study proved that it is possible to normalise the cooling effect using the
specific dimensionless coefficient of leaf area (LAIsp), which includes an approximation
of the density of trees planted in the park and their size or age. It was found out that
the cooling effect of the park is up to 4.8C at LAIsp, equal to 3.16, which corresponds
to a planting density of 45 trees per hectare, with an age of 50 years. It was also found
. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, Volume 10, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 193204
Predicting urban forest growth and its impact on residential
landscape water demand in a semiarid urban environment
John H. Lowry Jr.a, , , R. Douglas Ramseyb, , Roger K. Kjelgren.

We present an innovative approach to estimating residential irrigation water demand

for a large metropolitan area using GIS data, weather station data, and a water budget
modeling approach commonly used by plant scientists and landscape management
professionals. An important question addressed by our study is how a growing urban
forest affects the overall irrigation water demand of a semiarid metropolitan area. To
estimate the amount of water required by residential landscaping, we consider water
demand to be a function of the areal extent of residential landscaping (i.e. tree/shrub or
turf grass), the water-loss rate for different landscaping types, the efficiency with which
the landscape is irrigated, and local climatic factors (i.e. reference evapotranspiration
and precipitation). We estimated irrigation water demand for 542 residential
neighborhoods in Salt Lake County, UT, USA for 2005. To investigate the effects of a
maturing urban forest on water demand, we used simultaneous autoregression (SAR)
models to predict the spatial extent of future forest canopy and future exposed turf
grass in residential neighborhoods. For both the forest canopy model and the turf grass
model we used the median age of housing stock as the dependent variable. Psuedo R2
were 0.70 and 0.82 for the tree/shrub canopy and turf grass models, respectively.
Based on projected areal extents of tree/shrub canopy, exposed turf grass, and turf
grass under canopy, we estimated future water demands for the 542 residential
neighborhoods. Our predictive model suggests that as urban tree canopy increases in
residential urban areas, exposed turf grass decreases, with a net effect of a slight
decrease in residential landscape water demand. This can be explained by the relative
Armson, D., P. Stringer dan A.R. Ennos. 2013. The effect of street trees and
amenity grass on urban surface water runoff in Manchester, UK. Urban
Forestry & Urban Greening, 12 (3): 282286.

It is well known that the process of urbanization alters the

hydrological performance of an area, reducing the ability of urban
areas to cope with heavy rainfall events. Previous investigations into
the role that trees can play in reducing surface runoff have suggested
they have low impact at a city wide scale, though these studies have
often only considered the interception value of trees.
Armson, Stringer dan Ennos (2013) assessed the impact of trees
upon urban surface water runoff by measuring the runoff from 9m 2
plots covered by grass, asphalt, and asphalt with a tree planted in the
centre. The grass almost totally eliminated surface runoff; trees and
their associated tree pits reduced runoff from asphalt by as much as
62%. The reduction was more than interception alone could have
produced, and relative to the canopy area was much more than
estimated by many previous studies. This was probably because of
infiltration into the tree pit, which would considerably increase the
value of urban trees in reducing surface water runoff.
 . Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 11, Issue 3, 2012, Pages 245255
The effect of tree shade and grass on surface and globe
temperatures in an urban area
D. Armsona, , , P. Stringerb, 1, , A.R. Ennosa, 2,

The process of urbanisation alters the thermal balance of an area

resulting in an urban heat island effect where cities can be several
degrees centigrade warmer than the surrounding rural landscape.
This increased heat can make cities uncomfortable places and, during
heat waves, can pose serious health risks. This study looked at the
role that trees and grass can play in reducing regional and local
temperatures in urban areas during the summer within the urban
landscape of Manchester, UK. In June and July 2009 and 2010, we
monitored the surface temperatures of small plots composed of
concrete and grass in the presence or absence of tree shading, and
measured globe temperatures above each of the surfaces. The same
measures were also recorded at mid-day on larger expanses of
asphalt and grass in an urban park. Both surface and shade greatly
affected surface temperatures. Grass reduced maximum surface
temperatures by up to 24C, similar to model predictions, while tree
shade reduced them by up to 19C. In contrast, surface composition
had little effect upon globe temperatures, whereas shading reduced
Liu, C. dan X. Li. 2012. Carbon storage and sequestration by urban forests in
Shenyang, China. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 11 (2): 121128.

Urban forests can play an important role in mitigating the impacts of climate
change by reducing atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2). Quantification of
carbon (C) storage and sequestration by urban forests is critical for the
assessment of the actual and potential role of urban forests in reducing
atmospheric CO2. Liu dan Li (2012) study the quantification of C storage and
sequestration by urban forests in Shenyang, a heavily industrialized city in
northeastern China. The C storage and sequestration were estimated by
biomass equations, using field survey data and urban forests data derived
from high resolution QuickBird images. The benefits of C storage and
sequestration were estimated by monetary values, as well as the role of
urban forests on offsetting C emissions from fossil fuel combustion.
The urban forests in areas within the third-ring road of Shenyang stored
337,000t C (RMB92.02 million, or $ 13.88 million), with a C sequestration
rate of 29,000t/yr (RMB7.88 million, or $ 1.19 million). The C stored by urban
forests equaled to 3.02% of the annual C emissions from fossil fuel
combustion, and C sequestration could offset 0.26% of the annual C
emissions in Shenyang. In addition, our results indicated that the C storage
and sequestration rate varied among urban forest types with different
species composition and age structure.

These results can be used to help assess the actual and potential role of
 . Urban Forestry & Urban Greening
Volume 9, Issue 4, 2010, Pages 323332
Evaluating the potential for urban heat-island mitigation by greening
parking lots
Akio Onishia, Xin Caob, , , , Takanori Itoc, Feng Shia, Hidefumi Imuraa

Artificial urban land uses such as commercial and residential

buildings, roads, and parking lots covered by impervious surfaces can
contribute to the formation of urban heat islands (UHIs), whereas
vegetation such as trees, grass, and shrubs can mitigate UHIs.
Considering the increasing area of parking lots with little vegetation
cover in Nagoya, Japan, this study evaluated the potential for UHI
mitigation of greening parking lots in Nagoya. The relationships
between land surface temperature (LST) and land use/land cover
(LULC) in different seasons were analyzed using multivariate linear
regression models. Potential UHI mitigation was then simulated for
two scenarios: (1) grass is planted on the surface of each parking lot
with coverage from 10 to 100% at an interval of 10% and (2) parking
lots are covered by 30% trees and 70% grass. The results show that
different LULC types play different roles in different seasons and
times. On average, both scenarios slightly reduced the LST for the
whole study area in spring or summer. However, for an individual
Peckham, S.C., P. N. Duinker, dan C. Ordez. 2013. Urban forest values in
Canada: Views of citizens in Calgary and Halifax. Urban Forestry and Urban
Greening, 12 (2): 154162.

A significant component of the urban ecosystem is the urban forest. It

is also the quintessential meeting point of culture and nature, so it is
critical to incorporate values-based approaches to managing them.
The values that really count are those of urban citizens. A novel
qualitative method was used to determine what qualities of the urban
forest are valued by citizens of Calgary, Alberta, and Halifax, Nova
Scotia, Canada (Peckham, Duinker dan Ordez, 2013). These
values were compared with those reported in the literature to reveal
that citizens value the urban forests mostly for their non-material
benefits. Specifically, urban forests contribute to human emotional,
intellectual, and moral fulfilment.
McPherson, E.G. dan J. R. Simpson. 2003. Potential energy savings in buildings
by an urban tree planting programme in California. Urban Forestry & Urban
Greening, 2 (2): 7386.

Tree canopy cover data from aerial photographs and building energy
simulations were applied to estimate energy savings from existing
trees and new plantings in California (McPherson dan Simpson,
2003). There are approximately 177.3 million energy-conserving trees
in California communities and 241.6 million empty planting sites.
Existing trees are projected to reduce annual air conditioning energy
use by 2.5% with a wholesale value of $ 485.8 million. Peak load
reduction by existing trees saves utilities 10% valued at
approximately $778.5 million annually, or $ 4.39/tree. Planting 50
million trees to shade east and west walls of residential buildings is
projected to reduce cooling by 1.1% and peak load demand by 4.5%
over a 15-year period. The present wholesale value of annual cooling
reductions for the 15-year period is $ 3.6 billion ($ 71/tree planted).
Assuming total planting and stewardship costs of $ 2.5 billion ($
50/tree), the cost of peak load reduction is $ 63/kW, considerably less
than the $ 150/kW benchmark for cost-effectiveness.
 Soares, A.L., F.C. Rego, E.G. McPherson, J.R. Simpson, P.J. Peper, Q. Xiao. .
2011. Benefits and costs of street trees in Lisbon, Portugal. . Urban Forestry &
Urban Greening, 10 (2): 6978.

It is well known that urban trees produce various types of benefits

and costs. The computer tool i-Tree STRATUM helps quantify tree
structure and function, as well as the value of some of these tree
services in different municipalities. Soares, et al. (2011) describes
one of the first applications of STRATUM outside the U.S. Lisbon's
street trees are dominated by Celtis australis L., Tilia spp., and
Jacaranda mimosifolia D. Don, which together account for 40% of the
41,247 trees. These trees provide services valued at $8.4 million
annually, while $1.9 million is spent in their maintenance. For every
$1 invested in tree management, residents receive $4.48 in benefits.
The value of energy savings ($6.20/tree), CO2 reduction ($0.33/tree)
and air pollutant deposition ($5.40/tree) were comparable to several
other U.S. cities. The large values associated with stormwater runoff
reduction ($47.80/tree) and increased real estate value
($144.70/tree) were substantially greater than values obtained in U.S.
cities. Unique aspects of Lisbon's urban morphology and
improvement programs are partially responsible for these differences.
 Seburanga, J.L., B.A. Kaplin, Q.-X. Zhang dan T. Gatesire. 2014. Amenity
trees and green space structure in urban settlements of Kigali, Rwanda.
Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 13 (1): 8493.

According to the national policy, overall forest and agroforestry cover in

Rwanda is to increase up to 30% land cover by 2020. On the other hand,
demographic data reveal that Rwanda's urban areas are among the fastest-
growing on the continent. Seburanga et al. (2014) discussed developments
in Kigali's green spaces with regard to its rapid rate of expansion. The city
green space network consists of plant assemblages largely dominated by
alien species (75%). Tree cover fraction averaged at around 1035%. No
significant difference was observed between field-drawn and
photogrammetric-based fraction of tree cover estimates; making the later a
quick but cheap tool for rapid tree cover evaluation. Cultivated forests, urban
woodlots and domestic garden tree stands are far the most dominant types
of green spaces in terms of coverage of city surface area. Street tree
communities and institutional gardens appear to be the most intensively
designed green space layouts. Both distribution and species composition in
domestic gardens were socioeconomic-driven. Palm trees were characteristic
of fortunate quarters while fruitbearing ornamental such as Psidium guajava
and Persea americana were common within scattered and informal
settlements. Markhamia lutea, Erythina abyssinica, Euphorbia candelabrum,
Phoenix reclinata and Acacia sieberiana are among native taxa that thrive to
keep a place in the city. Euphorbia tirucalli, a native tree that is widespread in
Livesley, S.J. , B. Baudinette dan D. Glover. 2014. Rainfall interception and
stem flow by eucalypt street trees The impacts of canopy density and bark
type. . Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 13 (1): 192197.

Understanding how trees influence water movement in an urban landscape is

important because in an engineered xeriscape small changes in rainfall
frequency or magnitude have significant implications to plant water
availability and mortality at one extreme, and stormwater runoff and flooding
at the other. Livesley, Baudinette dan Glover (2014) relates direct
measures of tree canopy interception and discusses their implication for
catchment hydrology in different urban landscape contexts. The canopy
throughfall and stemflow under two eucalypt tree species in an urban street
setting over a continuous five month period were measured. Eucalyptus
nicholii has a dense canopy and rough bark, whereas Eucalyptus saligna has
a less-dense canopy and smooth bark. E. nicholii, with the greater plant area
index, intercepted more of the smaller rainfall events, such that 44% of
annual rainfall was intercepted as compared to 29% for the less dense E.
saligna canopy (2010). Stemflow was less in amount and frequency for the
rough barked E. nicholii as compared to the smooth barked E. saligna.
However, annual estimates of stemflow to the ground surface for even the
smooth barked E. saligna would only offset approximately 10mm of the
200mm intercepted by its canopy (2010).
Tree canopy and bark characteristics should be considered when planting in
pervious green space, or impervious streetscapes, because of their profound
 Pasher, J., M. Mcgovern, M. Khoury , dan J. Duffe. . 2014. Assessing carbon
storage and sequestration by Canada's urban forests using high resolution
earth observation data. . Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, Available online
16 May 2014.

Urban trees are important components of the landscape and offer numerous
benefits; both socio-economical and biophysical. Urban trees act as a sink for
CO2, helping to offset carbon emissions from urban areas by removing the
greenhouse gas from the atmosphere through photosynthesis. Pasher et al.
(2014) develops estimates of Canada's greenhouse gas emissions and
removals which are submitted annually to the United Nations as part of
ongoing commitments under the United Nations Framework Convention for
Climate Change. As part of these reporting commitments countries are
required to develop estimates of emissions and removals of Greenhouse Gas
that are the result of direct impact of human activities in the Land-Use, Land-
Use Change and Forestry Sector.
The approach which involves sampling high resolution aerial photographs
was used to determine urban tree coverage across Canada's major urban
areas.
The Canadian urban areas have an estimated tree canopy cover of 27%. This
tree cover is estimated to store approximately 34,000 kt C and annually
sequester approximately 2,500 kilotons of CO2. These estimates show
significant improvement over previous methods used to provide Canadian
estimates.
Vailshery, L.S., M. Jaganmohan dan H. Nagendra. 2013. Effect of street trees
on microclimate and air pollution in a tropical city. Urban Forestry & Urban
Greening, 12 (3): 408415.

One of the fastest growing cities in India, Bangalore is facing

challenges of urban microclimate change and increasing levels of air
pollution. Vailshery, Jaganmohan dan Nagendra (2013) assessed the
impact of street trees in mitigating these issues. At twenty locations
in the city, we compare segments of roads with and without trees,
assessing the relationship of environmental differences with the
presence or absence of street tree cover. Street segments with trees
had on average lower temperature, humidity and pollution, with
afternoon ambient air temperatures lower by as much as 5.6C, road
surface temperatures lower by as much as 27.5C, and SO 2 levels
reduced by as much as 65%. Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM)
levels were very high on exposed roads, with 50% of the roads
showing levels approaching twice the permissible limits, while 80% of
the street segments with trees had SPM levels within prescribed
limits. In an era of exacerbated urbanization and climate change,
tropical cities such as Bangalore will have to face some of the worst
impacts including air pollution and microclimatic alterations. The
information generated in this study can help appropriately assess the
 Zhang, H., B. Chen, Z. Sun , dan Z. Bao. 2013. Landscape perception and
recreation needs in urban green space in Fuyang, Hangzhou, China. Urban
Forestry & Urban Greening, 12 (1): 4452.

Zhang, Chen, Sun dan Bao (2013) analyzed the landscape

characteristics and the residents recreational activities in the urban
green spaces in Fuyang, Hangzhou, China. It explores the correlation
of the desire to be in close proximity to urban green space to engage
in recreational activities (the need for recreation) related to residents
demographic and socio-economic factors: gender, education, monthly
income and dwelling location. Residents preferences for landscape
elements and attributes of urban green space are examined using
principal components analysis. In addition, regression analysis
identifies that coherence and vegetation are the most relevant
factors correlated with perceived overall recreational appropriateness
of the three most frequently visited urban parks.
This study attempted to quantify people's recreation needs in urban
green space; identify the landscape components in urban green
space which can encourage more outdoor visits and/or greater
recreational activities; and provide proposals and strategies on
planning, management and conservation for recreation-oriented
urban green space which will enhance people's enjoyment and
 Hardin, P.J. dan R. R. Jensen. 2007. The effect of urban leaf area on
summertime urban surface kinetic temperatures: A Terre Haute case study.
Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 6 (2): 6372.

The urban heat island effect (UHIE) has been documented in many
temperate region cities. One cause of the UHIE is the replacement of
green spaces with impervious materials as urbanization commences
and the city builds up and fills in. During the summer, elevated urban
temperatures result in increased electricity usage, higher pollution
levels, and greater resident discomfort. Through evapotranspiration
and the interception of solar radiation, increasing urban tree canopy
cover can help mitigate the UHIE. While this is universally accepted,
the exact statistical relationship between urban leaf area (as
measured by leaf area index, LAI) and urban temperatures has not
been extensively studied. In a case study conducted in
urban/suburban Terre Haute, Indiana, USA, simple linear regression
was employed to quantify the relationship between in situ
ceptometer LAI measurements and surface kinetic temperatures
(SKTs) measured using thermal satellite imagery acquired at 1100
local time (Hardin dan Jensen, 2007) . For the 143 sample sites
located in the study area, LAI accounted for 62% of the variation in
surface temperature. For every unit increase in LAI, surface
temperature decreased by 1.2C.
. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, Volume 12, Issue 3, 2013, Pages 401407
Estimating the stormwater attenuation benefits derived from
planting four monoculture species of deciduous trees on vacant and
underutilized urban land parcels
M.C. Kirnbauera, , , B.W. Baetzb, , W.A. Kenneyc,
This paper presents research that was undertaken to determine whether
planting deciduous trees, using intensive tree planting schemes, on vacant
and underutilized urban land provides significant hydrologic benefits. This
work contributes to an ongoing discussion on how to use vacant and
underutilized land productively, and may be important to land use decision-
makers, whose policies support the use of green infrastructure for stormwater
management. Tree growth parameters for four monoculture planting schemes
were modeled (all trees had a 50.8mm caliper at planting) and included (i)
450 Ginkgo biloba, (ii) 92 Platanusacerifolia, (iii) 120 Acer saccharinum,
and (iv) 434 Liquidambar styraciflua, on a 1.6-acre parcel. i-Tree Hydro
(formerly UFORE-Hydro) was used to derive a simplified Microsoft Excel-based
water balance model to quantify the canopy interception potential and
evaporation, based on 7 years (20022008) of historical hourly rainfall and
mean temperature data in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. This study revealed
that three of the species responded similarly, while one species (L.
styraciflua) performed significantly better with respect to total canopy
storage potential and evaporation, capturing and evaporating 2.9m 3/tree
over the 7 years analyzed, or 1280m3 for the total tree stand of 434 trees.
The analyses presented herein demonstrate that the tree canopy layer was
 ODonoghue, A. dan C.M. Shackleton. 2013. Current and potential carbon
stocks of trees in urban parking lots in towns of the Eastern Cape, South
Africa. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 12 (4): 443449.

Greening of shopping centre parking lots is a potentially important strategy

that can contribute to urban carbon mitigation efforts, improve aesthetics
and the shopping experience of consumers, whilst adding to urban
biodiversity. ODonoghue dan Shackleton (2013) studied twenty-eight
shopping centre parking lots in six Eastern Cape urban centres, South Africa,
to determine tree species composition, density and annual carbon
sequestration potential. The highest tree density was 66treesha 1, whereas
the average density across all sampled parking lots was less than half that
(27.222.6treesha1). The average annual carbon sequestration potential
per parking lot was 13902503kgha1. Planting density was positively
related to annual sequestration rates, whilst parking lot age and the mean
annual rainfall of the town had no influence. Mean tree species richness per
parking lot was 2.31.8 species, with a positive relationship to parking lot
size, but not to mean annual rainfall of the site. The majority of trees (62.5%)
in parking lots were alien species, although newer parking lots had
significantly greater proportions of indigenous species. There was no
difference in mean annual carbon sequestration rate per tree between
indigenous and alien trees species. Low tree densities and small parking lot
areas constrained the potential for earning carbon credits from trees in
parking lots.
 Peper, P.J. dan E. G. McPherson . 2003. Evaluation of four methods for
estimating leaf area of isolated trees. . Urban Forestry and Urban Greening,
2 (1): 2003 1929.

The accurate modeling of the physiological and functional processes

of urban forests requires information on the leaf area of urban tree
species. Several non-destructive, indirect leaf area sampling methods
have shown good performance for homogenous canopies. These
methods have not been evaluated for use in urban settings where
trees are typically isolated and measurement may be complicated by
proximity to residential areas, buildings, signs, and other
infrastructure elements.
Peper dan McPherson (2003) evaluated the accuracy, precision,
efficiency and other practical considerations associated with four
methods of estimating the leaf area of open-grown deciduous trees in
urban forests. The methods included color digital image processing
(CD), the LAI-2000 Plant Canopy Analyzer, the CI-100 Digital Plant
Canopy Imager, and a logarithmic regression equation.

The CD method and LAI-2000 estimates showed good correlation with

true leaf area (R2 0.71); however, only the CD method produced
estimates within 25 percent of mean true leaf area and met
 McHale ,M.R., E. G. McPherson dan I.C. Burke. 2008. The potential of urban
tree plantings to be cost effective in carbon credit markets. Urban Forestry &
Urban Greening, 6 (1): 4960.

Emission trading is considered to be an economically sensitive

method for reducing the concentrations of greenhouse gases,
particularly carbon dioxide, in the atmosphere. There has been
debate about the viability of using urban tree plantings in these
markets. The main concern is whether or not urban planting projects
can be cost effective options for investors. McHale , McPherson dan
Burke (2008) compared the cost efficiency of four case studies
located in Colorado, and used a model sensitivity analysis to
determine what variables most influence cost effectiveness. Some
urban tree planting projects in specific locations may be cost effective
investments. The carbon assimilation rate, which is mainly a function
of growing season length, has the largest influence on cost
effectiveness, however resource managers can create more effective
projects by minimizing costs, planting large-stature trees, and
manipulating a host of other variables that affect energy usage.
Stabler,L.B., C. A. Martin, dan A. J. Brazel. 2005. Microclimates in a desert
city were related to land use and vegetation index. Urban Forestry and Urban
Greening, 3 (34): 137147.

A heterogeneous patchwork mosaic of soil, vegetation, and built

surfaces that result from a variety of urban land uses cause urban
microclimates within cities. Stabler, Martin dan Brazel (2005)
studied the seasonal relationships of land use, urban plant cover and
microclimate in Phoenix, Arizona, USA, metropolitan. Land use had
the most pronounced effect on microclimate during the early morning
hours of summer. Agricultural and residential land uses had the
highest relative humidities, dew point temperatures, and NDVI
(normalized differential vegetation index ), and the lowest air
temperatures. Commercial and industrial land uses had highest
temperatures and lowest NDVI. Temperatures were generally
negatively correlated to NDVI, while humidity and dew point
temperatures were generally positively correlated to NDVI. Distance
from the urban core did not affect NDVI but had a significant negative
effect on adjusted air temperature.
The microclimates in this desert city are caused by variations in plant
cover, and an interactive effect of vegetation density and other non-
vegetative urban surfaces.
McPherson ,E.G. dan J. R. Simpson. 2002. A comparison of municipal forest
benefits and costs in Modesto and Santa Monica, California, USA. Urban
Forestry and Urban Greening, 1 (2): 6174.

McPherson dan Simpson (2002) analyze a comparison of the

structure, function, and value of street and park tree populations in
two California cities. Trees provided net annual benefits valued at
$2.2 million in Modesto and $805,732 in Santa Monica. Benefit-cost
ratios were 1.85:1 and 1.52:1 in Modesto and Santa Monica,
respectively. Residents received $1.85 and $1.52 in annual benefits
for every $1 invested in management.
Aesthetic and other benefits accounted for 50% to 80% of total
annual benefits, while expenditures for pruning accounted for about
50% of total annual costs. Although these results were similar,
benefits and costs were distributed quite differently in each city.
Variations in tree sizes and growth rates, foliation characteristics,
prices, residential property values, and climate were chiefly
responsible for different benefits and costs calculated on a per tree
basis.
.