UNIVERSIDAD

CENTROCCIDENTAL
LISANDRO ALVARADO
VENEZUELA

DISPLACEMENT MODIFICATION FACTORS FOR NON LINEAR BEHAVIOR

OF SOIL AND STRUCTURE
[1]
Juan C. VIELMA , William LOBO and Pedro RIVERO
[1] Correspondence Author. Universitat Politcnica de Catalunya (UPC). jcvielma@cimne.upc.edu

INTRODUCTION SOIL MODELIZATION

Kobe(1995), Station: JMA Kobe

Application of performance design based on as 800

The technique applied to obtain soil
Earthquakes Characteristics
400
response consist in subject modeled soils
Acc. (cm/s2)

much in the project of new buildings as well as 0

in the rehabilitation of existing buildings, has -400 to a set of five earthquakes registered on
been increased notably during past decade.
-800
-1200
rock with different epicentral distances that
The procedure is described in FEMA 273 and 0 15 30 45 60 75
t(s)
90 105 120 135 150
allow to have a wide seismic input that
ATC 40 and basically consists on the 1500
Cape Mendocino(1992), Station: Cape Mendocino
varies from earthquakes of near source
verification of building performance, 1000 (smaller than 20 km), intermediate source
Acc. (cm/s2)

represented by its capacity curve in 500

(between 20km and 150km) and far
0
displacement-acceleration format, to the -500
source (for distances greater than the
seismic demand, represented by the elastic -1000
0 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60
previous one).
design spectra, also in format acceleration- t(s)
Michoacn (1985), Station: Caleta de Campos
Superficial response of soils have been
displacement. The problem arises from 300 obtained considering 1D finite elements
inconsistencies of the method, consisting of
200
with geotechnical characteristics that
Acc. (cm/s2)

100
the determination of the demand 0 defines soils from stiffer or very rigid to
(displacements), since the inelastic -100 very soft soils. Calculations were
displacements are determined from response
-200
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 performed with WAVES program [Hart y Classification of Soil superficial response
t(s)
spectra for equivalent single degree of freedom Miyagi-Oki, station: Ofunato Wilson, 1989]. By means of this procedure
200
systems, with high damping. In order to avoid 100
it is possible to cover wide frequencies
Acc. (cm/s2)

the use of these over-damped spectra, diverse 0 content. Also, modeled soils include
solutions include determination of inelastic
-100
-200
variable thicknesses in a range from 10m
displacements from elastic displacements, by -300 to 70m.
0 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60
means of the application of displacement t(s) The superficial response can be grouped
Michoacn (1995), Station: Ocotito 1,
modification factors have been applied. FEMA 45 and later use them in the calculation of the
273 presents the following expression based 30 response spectra of representative single
Acc. (cm/s2)

on the indirect approach:

15
degree of freedom of usual structural
2 0
Te systems, with periods from 0.1 s to 4 s.
t C 0 C 1C 2 C 3S a
-15
-30
2
4
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
t(s)

STRUCTURE MODELIZATION IDEALIZED SPECTRA

Reinforced concrete frame
Ductility- based reduction factors R In this investigation the ductility based reduction factor R is
corresponds to different levels from
applied displacement ductility of
Ductility levels calculated from maximum responses of 250.560 SDOF, with
hysteretic behavior. The selected shape to represent R- -T type
single degree of freedom system spectra, consist in bilinear expressions, in which two branches are
(SDOF), designed for different levels well defined: the first one is a denominated period dependent
of seismic behavior, depending on the branch, and the second one represents the ductility dependent
level of demanded detail to be able to branch, and start from a characteristic period Tg obtained for the
dissipate energy without taking place combination of soil and structure
loss of stability of the structure. aTg
In this study four different types of For T < Tg: C
structures are considered: reinforced aTg abT
Reinforced concrete frame
concrete frames, reinforced concrete
and masonry infill a
frames and masonry infill, steel For T > Tg C
frames and reinforced concrete shear a abT
walls, according to most frequent
codes types of structures.

Moment- curvature
RC frame
acelerogram: Kobe (Rock)
60000

45000

Steel frame Reinforced concrete wall 30000

Moment (N.m)

15000

-15000

-30000

-45000

-60000
-0.075 -0.05 -0.025 0 0.025 0.05 0.075
Curvature

RESULTS
Reinforced concrete frames and masonry infill

We can observe on the showing spectra, that the displacements factors

amplify the inelastic displacements for short range periods, but the
periods are variables and depend on the soil type and ductility level. In
Reinforced concrete frames

the intermediate and long periods, this amplification values can be

approximated to one, but only for reinforced concrete shear walls, these
values can be considerate equals to one, only for soft soils. In the
intermediate and long periods range, displacement modification factors
depends on ductility level and shows approximate constant values.
For reinforced concrete frames with and without displacement
modification spectra shown similar shapes, with high values of C for
periods lower than soil characteristic period Tg, period from as the values
they practically remain constant and they depend on the ductility.
Other characteristic of displacements modification factors spectra
obtained for steel frames consist in the values for periods longer than the
soil-structure characteristic period Tg, all the values are equal
independently of the displacement ductility adopted in calculations.

Comparison with others displacement

modification factors
Reinforced concrete shear walls

Newmark& Hall (1982)

Steel frames

5 Nassar & Krawinkler (1992)

Whittaker et al (1998)
Miranda (2000)
Chopra & Chintanapakdee (2004)
4 This study (2006)

C 3

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
T(s)

CONCLUSIONS

Displacement modification factors spectra are of the R--T type are suitable for the determination of inelastic displacement from elastic ones, and is desirable to compatibilizing this modification spectra with other design spectra like reduction
factors spectra, to obtain the demands in performance based procedures.
Results show that is important considers combination of hysteretic response of soil and structure, to obtain more accurate displacement modification factors.
For intermediate and long periods displacement modification factors calculated with elastic-plastic model tends to underestimates inelastic displacements of SDOF systems (demands in performance-based design), and can produce important
errors in the design of new or rehabilitation of existing structures.
For very short periods, values calculated from perfectly elastic-plastic models underestimate inelastic displacements (demands).
The equal displacement principle is fulfilled only for the shear walls case combined with soft or very soft soils (soil type S3 and S4).
For other cases, including other structural types, the equal displacement principle is not valid if structure properties deterioration is considered.

Paper
First European Conference on Earthquake Engineering and Seismology
(a joint event of the 13th ECEE & 30th General Assembly of the ESC)
Geneve, Switzerland, 3-8 September 2006
635