Introduction to Diesel

Engine

Submitted by:
Bhangale Mitesh(150280711003)
Patel Mayank(150280711009)
Parmar Jignesh(150280711012)
 Diesel Cycle

P-V diagram T-S

diagram
 Combustion in Diesel
There are 4 phases:
Ignition delay period
Premixed combustion phase
Mixing-controlled combustion phase
Late combustion phase
Fuel injection rate, Heat release, Pressure v/s CRANK ANGLE
 Fuel Spray Characteristics

The most important diesel fuel spray

characteristics may be classified as
Macroscopic quantities such as:
Spray tip penetration
Cone angle
Microscopic quantities such as:
Droplet size
 All fuel spray characteristics influence the combustion
process and consequently the economy and ecology
characteristics .
Fuel spray tip penetration (Lp)
The maximal distance measured from the injector to the
spray tip. It represents the maximum penetration length
achieved by the droplets in the center of the spray.
Spray cone angle
The angle between two straight lines originating from the
orifice exit of the nozzle and being tangent to the spray
outline. This angle usually ranges from 5 to 30.
Droplet size
Is usually measured on an average basis by the medium
diameter of the droplets , called the Sauter mean diameter.
This quantity can be used to estimate the quality of
atomization of the fuel.
Fuel spray penetration is determined by
the equilibrium of two factors:
i. The linear momentum of the injected fuel
and;
ii. The resistance of the working fluid (either
gas or liquid) in the control volume.
. Due to friction, the kinetic energy of the
fuel is transferred progressively to the
working fluid. This energy transfer
decreases continuously the kinetic energy
of the droplets until their movement
depends solely.
 Diesel fuel spray penetration depends to
a great extent on
Injection pressure(Increasing the
injection pressure the fuel penetration
velocity is increased Increased fuel
momentum and larger spray penetration).
Fuel properties (Density, viscosity, and
surface tension also affect spray
penetration significantly) and;
Nozzle geometry(The cone angle is
affected, the fuel and air density, and the
Reynolds number of the fuel).
 Ignition delay
The period between the start of fuel injection
into the combustion chamber and the start of
combustion is termed as ignition delay period.
The start of combustion is determined from the
change in slope on the p ~ diagram, or from
heat release analysis of the p() data, or from
luminosity detector in experimental conditions.
Start of injection can be determined by a
needle-lift indicator to record the time when
injector needle lifts off its seat.
 Both physical and chemical processes must
take place before a significant fraction of the
chemical energy of the injected liquid fuel is
released.
The physical processes are ;
atomization of the liquid fuel jet,
vaporization of the fuel droplets
mixing of the fuel vapour with air.
The chemical processes are
the precombustion reactions of the fuel,
Air and residual gas mixture which lead to auto
ignition.
Chemical delay is more effective for the duration of
the ignition delay period.
 Factors Affecting Ignition
Delay
Increase in Variable Effect on Delay Period Reason
Reduces the self-ignition
Cetane number of fuel Reduces
temperature
Reduces physical delay
Injection pressure Reduces due to greater surface
volume ratio.
Reduced pressure and
Injection timing advance Reduces temperature when the
ignition begins
Increase air temperature
and pressure and
Compression ratio Reduces
reduces autoignition
temperature
Increases air
Intake temperature Reduces
temperature
Increases wall and hence
Jacket water temperature Reduces
air temperature
Increases chemical
Fuel temperature Reduces reaction due to better
vaporization
Increases density and
Intake pressure
Abnormality in Diesel
Combustion
Methods of Controlling Diesel Knock
(Reducing Delay Period)
The diesel knock can be controlled by
reducing delay period. The delay is
reduced by the
following:
(i) High charge temperature.
(ii)High fuel temperature.
(iii)Good turbulence.
(iv) A fuel with a short induction
period.
Thank You