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Introduction to Earthquake Re
sistant Design of Buildings
presented by
Ir Dr Y. L. Wong
Associate Professor
Dept. of Civil & Structural Engineering
Dept. of Civil & Structural Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
Content ( )
Earthquakes
What causes earthquakes and how do they happen?
Earths Structure ( )
Tectonic Plates ( )
Faults ( )
Causes of Earthquakes ( )
Seismic Waves ( )
Where Earthquakes Occur? ( )
Size of Earthquakes ( )
How Often do Earthquakes Occur? ( )
Sometimes the rocky surface of the earth has just been bent and folded (Fig.1). So
metimes the movements have caused the rock to deform so much that they fractur
e. These fractures are called faults (Fig. 2). When the rock fractures, its sudden mo
vement causes an earthquake as shock waves spread away from it.
Fig. 1 How Rocks are bent and folded Fig. 2 How Rocks Fracture
S-wave S-
a transverse wave
travel through rock, but not through liquid and the air
slower than a P-wave, but faster than a surface wave
Surface wave:
the slowest traveling seismic waves
Their movement is greatest at the earth's surface, and gets smaller
deeper below the surface
Dept. of Civil & Structural Engineering, The Hong15
Kong Polytechnic University
Where Earthquakes Occur (
)
This map shows the distribution of the world's earthquakes that happened
during the 1980s. Each red dot represents an earthquake. It is clear that
earthquakes happen more often in some places than others.
Equation of Equilibrium ( )
Kx F
Stiffness ( ) is the resistance of an elastic body to deflec
tion or deformation by an applied force.
F
K
x
Equation of motion ( )
mx kx 0
Natural frequency ( )
k
n
m
Note: It depends only on the system mass and the spring stiffness (i
.e. any damping will not change the natural frequency of a system).
Equation of motion ( )
mx cx kx 0
a g xg
Equation of Motion ( )
m( x xg ) cx kx 0
mx cx kx mxg
One of the main things that affect the stiffness of a building is its height. Tall
er buildings tend to be more flexible, so they tend to have lower natural freq
uencies compared to shorter buildings.
If the ground moved to and fro with a frequency of 5.5 Hertz, the tall
building would vibrate strongly, or resonate, while the short building
hardly moved at all. (Animation)
If the ground moved to and fro with a frequency of 7.5 Hertz, the sm
all building would resonate while the tall building hardly moved at all.
(Animation)
During an earthquake, the ground shakes with a mixture of frequenc
ies of vibration. Q: If the frequencies ranged between 5.0 and 6.0 H
ertz, which of the two model buildings would you expect to vibrate m
ost?
Inverted V Bracing
Knee Bracing
K Bracing V Bracing
Metallic Dampers ( )
Friction Dampers ( )
Viscous Fluid Dampers ( )
There are different types of metallic damper. One type, the X-shaped
Plate Damper, is used where two braces meet. As the building vibrates,
the braces stretch and compress, pulling and pushing the damper
sideways and making it deform. They are designed to deform so much
when the building vibrates during an earthquake that they cannot return
to their original shape. This permanent deformation is called inelastic
deformation, and it uses some of the earthquake energy which goes
into building.
Thank you!
( )
Dept. of Civil & Structural Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University