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PRINCIPLES OF HYDROPOWER
ENGINEERING
By:-
ARKAN IBRAHIM
AZHEEN FATAH
HINDREEN NAZIF
Submitted to :-
Do.Dr.Ayta Gven
Content:-
What is Hydropower(Introduction)?
Hydropower potential
Classifications of Hydropower Plants
layouts of hydropower plants
What is
Hydropower?
Introduction
Water Cycle
Understanding the water cycle is important in order to understand
hydropower. The energy driving the water cycle comes from radiant
energy released by the sun that heats the water and causes it to
evaporate.
Gravitational Energy
Kinetic energy is the energy of motion. Any moving
object has kinetic energy.
-Humans first learned to
harness the kinetic energy in
water by using waterwheels.
DAMS
2nd ELEMENT:-
INTAKE
3rd ELEMENT:-
PENSTOCK
4th ELEMENT
TURBINES
5TH ELEMENT
GENERATOR
6TH ELEMENT:-
TRANSFORMERS
7TH ELEMENT
OUTFLOW / TAILRACE:-
After passing through the turbine the water
returns to the river trough a short canal called a tailrace.
8TH ELEMENT
POWER HOUSE:-
POWER HOUSE
PENSTOCK
RESEVOIR
INTAKE
POWER LINE
TRANSFORMER
A
SIMPLE
OVER
VIEW
How a Hydroelectric Power System Works
The mechanical energy produced by the turbine is converted into
electric energy using a turbine generator. Inside the generator, the
shaft of the turbine spins a magnet inside coils of copper wire. It is
a fact of nature that moving a magnet near a conductor causes an
electric current.
In order to evaluate the power of flowing water, we may
assume a uniform steady flow between two cross-sections of
a river, with H (meters) of difference in water surface
elevation between two sections for a flow of Q (m3/s), the
power (P) can be expressed as :
-In 1880, the Grand Rapids Electric Light and Power Company
used a water turbine to generate enough electricity to power 16
lights.
There are 534 plants currently being planned, with 160 of those
under construction at around 15 GW of capacity.
Examples of Largest stations in Turkey
According to According to
According to According to According to According to
hydrological transmission
Capacity head purpose facility types
relation system
Large Run-of-River
High Isolated
Single
Single purpose
Medium
Reservoirs
Medium Connected to
grid
Cascade
Small
Multi purpose In-stream
Mini Low
Pumped
storage
Micro
Tidal Plants
Pico
LARGE: >100 MW
MEDIUM: 25 100 MW
SMALL: 1-25 MW
MINI: 100 KW - 1MW
MICRO: 5 100 KW
PICO: < 5 KW
Large Scale Hydropower plant
Small Scale Hydropower Plant
Micro Hydropower Plant
small hydro power definitions in different countries:-
COUNTRY NAME SHP (MW)
Mauritius 0.05
Italy 3
Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Macedonia 5
Marocco 8
Afghanistan, Burundi, Iran, Malaysia, Mali, Nepal, Norway, Sri Lanka, Tunisia,
Kenya, Uganda, Zambia, Madagascar, Armenia, Austria, Croatia, Montenegro,
10
Nigeria, Turkey, Serbia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Azerbaijan, Cambodia,
Philippines, Indonesia, Senegal
Georgia 13
Bangladesh, Laos, Lesotho, Thailand 15
El Salvador, Peru 20
Bhutan, India, Mozambique 25
Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, Benin, United States 30
Canada, China, Pakistan, New Zealand 50
LOW HEAD:
Low head hydro power applications use river current or tidal flows of 30 meters or
less to produce energy.
These applications do not need to dam or retain water to create hydraulic head, the
head is only a few meters.
Using the current of a river or the naturally occurring tidal flow to create electricity
may provide a renewable energy source that will have a minimal impact on the
environment.
CASCADE SYSTEM-
When two or more hydropower
plants are used in series such
that the runoff discharge of
one hydro power plant is used
as the is a intake discharge of
the second hydro power plant
such a system is known as
Figure-(a) single stage hydropower development scheme
CASCADE hydropower plant. (b) cascade or multistage hydropower system
SINGLE PURPOSE: When the whole soul purpose of a project is
to produce electricity then such a project is known as a Single
Purpose Hydro Power Project.
The water rises and falls during the day. The advantage of this rise
and fall is taken in a tidal plant.
Tidal Plants
Tidal Plants
THE RANCE
TIDAL POWER
PLANT
IN FRANCE
Tidal Plants
ISOLATED: Whenever a hydropower plant is set up in
a remote area in order to meet the local demands then
such a hydropower plant is known as Isolated System.
1- Height of water.
3- Efficiency of turbine.
Head & Losses
P Q Hg e
E Q H g e t
P= Power (KW)
E=Energy (KWh)
Q= Discharge (m3/sec)
Hg= Gross head (m)
e =overall unit efficiency (%)
e = e(hydraulic) x e(turbine) x e(generator)
Approve unit of Power
P = .. . P = . . . .
w = 1000 Kg/3
3
P= 10003
2
5 2
10003 3 = 1000 kg x 3
2
Where kg x =
3
2
SO, 1000kg x 3 = 1000 = 1
Example about hydroelectric power
In a hydroelectric power plant, the water surface on the crest of the dam is at elevation
75.3 m while the water surface just at the outlet of the head gate is at elevation 74.4 m.
The head gate has 5 gates of 0.91 m x 0.91 m leading to the penstock and are fully opened.
Assume 61% as coefficient of discharge, determine :
ii) The KW power that the turbine will developed, assuming 90% efficiency and the turbine
is 122 m below the entrance of the penstock . ( by using Hg )
iii) determine the power that the turbine will developed assuming 85% efficiency under
the same conditions as b. (by using Hn)
Solution :
i)
0.91
h = (75.3-74.4) + ( ) = 1.355 m
2
v = 2gh
v = 2x9.81x1.355
v = 5.156 m/sec
P = . . . .
13.02
v=
5(0.91 x 0.91)
2
= 0.504 m
2
he = entrance loss
2
he = ke (2)
ke = 0.5
1. Base load power plant : are power stations which can consistently generate the
electrical power needed to satisfy minimum demand. That demand is called the
base load requirement, it is the minimum level of demand on an electrical grid over
24 hours.
2. Peaking power plant : are power plants that generally run only when there is a
high demand, known as peak demand, for electricity Because they supply power
only occasionally (sometimes), the power supplied commands a much higher price
per kilowatt hour than base load power.
Base load electricity vs. Peak Load
Notice that throughout the middle of the night, the electricity demand is roughly
10GW. Throughout the day it ramps past 15GW. Base load electricity in this case is
10GW. It is the minimum amount of electricity needed at any point. All power
plants that provide base load electricity will run 24 hours a day. Base load power
plants need to be very reliable so they dont shut down unexpectedly.
Peak electricity is whatever is above base load. In the above figure, it is the all the
extra stuff from 10GW to 15GW.
Layouts of hydropower plants
Hydropower plant scheme layout and it is Working
1. hydroelectric power plant required a water reservoir so this plant are constructed
through Dam.
Hydropower plant scheme layout and it is Working
1. hydroelectric power plant required a water reservoir so this plant are constructed
through Dam.
Hydropower plant scheme layout and it is Working
2. Water Stored dam has potential energy the water under pressure is carried by penstock
(pipe) due to the control gate and change potential to kinetic energy due to movement of
water .
Hydropower plant scheme layout and it is Working
5.trash rack : prevent the debris ( piece of rock ) from getting enter into the power
house
Hydropower plant scheme layout and it is Working
6. due to the force of water the turbine will start rotating and due to it the
mechanical energy is produced .
Hydropower plant scheme layout and it is Working
7. the shaft due to turbine is connected to the generator , As the turbine blades turn,
so do a series of magnets inside the generator and producing (AC) by moving electrons
and therefore produce electrical energy .
Hydropower plant scheme layout and it is Working
8. the voltage of this electricity Is create by converting (AC) to higher voltage then
release it by using transformer and then transform by distribution lines(power line)
to the city .
Hydropower plant scheme layout and it is Working
9. and also we have draft tube after running the turbine the water is passed to the
downstream water level by draft tube .
Advantage and disadvantage of hydroelectricity power plant
Advantages
1. the most important advantage is that it keeps the environment clean .
2. when electricity is not needed then the sluice gate is closed to stop the generation
of electricity .
Disadvantage
1. Constructing hydroelectric power plants and dams is very expensive and it is
required large area .
2. planning a hydroelectric plant and reservoir may lead to the disruption of the lives
of people as they have to relocate to another area.
High and medium head development
Usually, there could be two types of power scheme layout:
Concentrated fall schemes
Diversion schemes
In the concentrated fall type projects, the powerhouse would be built at the
toe of a concrete gravity dam, shown as in the figure bellow :
In the diversion type of layout, the diversion could be using a canal and a penstock
(Figure 11) or a tunnel and a penstock (Figure 12). The former is usually called the
Open-Flow Diversion System and the latter Pressure Diversion System.
1. Dam
2. Intake diversion conduit
3. Head pond
4. Spillway
5. Power house
6. Tailrace
7. Penstocks
8. Reservoir
Figure 11
1. Watercourse
2. Dam
3. Intake structures
4. Diversion tunnel
5. Surge tank
6. Penstock fork house
7. Penstocks
8. Penstocks support
9. Power house
10. Power line
Figure 12
Power Channel
It is the channel through which water is being carried to the forebay tank for
feeding to penstock. The various types of power channels are listed below :
OPEN CHANNEL
Rectangular
Trapezoidal
Triangular
CLOSED CONDUIT
1. Surface power station or over ground power station: A power station which is
constructed over the ground with necessary open excavation for foundations.
2. Underground power station: A power station located in a cavity in the ground
with no part of the structure exposed to outside.
Load factor: It is the ratio of the average load during a certain period to the
maximum or peak load during that period, and we have daily load factor, weekly
load factor, monthly load factor and yearly load factor depending upon the time
period.
.
= =
The Firm Power: The firm power (or primary power) is the amount of power which a
plant can deliver throughout the year (or 100% of time). It is the power which will be
available when the flow in the river is minimum for a run-off river plant.
Surplus (secondary) power: The secondary power (or surplus power) is the amount
of power which is in the excess of the firm power. In a run-off river plant, the secondary
power is available when the discharge in the river is greater than the minimum
discharge.
Example:
Two Turbo Generators each of capacity 25000 KW have been installed at a hydel. power
plant. During certain period the load on the hydel. plant varies from 15000 KW to 40000
KW. Calculate as follows:
a. The total installed capacity.
b. The load factor.
c. The utilization factor.
Solution:
Solution:
1.
Time(hr) 0-6 6-10 10-12 12-16 16-20 20-22 22-24
Load(Mw) 30 70 90 60 100 80 60
Www.Eai.In
RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES: COST ANALYSIS SERIES
volume 1: power sector ,issue 3/5, JUNE 2012
http://www.Irena.Org/menu/index.Aspx?Mnu=subcat&primenuid=36&ca
tid=141&subcatid=232
NPTEL Module CE IIT Kharaghpur Chapter:5 Version 2.
Http://www.eai.in/ref/ae/hyd/hyd.html#sthash.pvmI3H9c.dpuf
Mosonyi, Emil (1991) Water power development, Akademia Budapest.
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