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Topic 9
From DNA to Protein
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gG7uCskUOrA
Chapter Overview
The nature of genetic information
Transcription
proteins
cells
DNA RNA
Double stranded Single stranded
Deoxyribose sugar Ribose sugar
Bases: C,G A,T Bases: C,G,A,U
trait
nucleus cytoplasm
Chapter Overview
The nature of genetic information
Transcription
T G G T A C A G C T A G T C A T CG T A C CG T
Matching bases of DNA & RNA
Double stranded DNA unzips
T G G T A C A G C T A G T C A T CG T A C CG T
Matching bases of DNA & RNA
A
Match RNA bases to DNA G
C U
bases on one of the DNA G A
G
strands U
U C U
C G
A
A C
U
A
AG
C
U
A
RNA G
A C C
polymerase
T G G T A C A G C T A G T C A T CG T A C CG T
Major players in transcription
transcription complex
start site
nucleotides
Nucleotides pair with one strand of the DNA.
RNA polymerase bonds the nucleotides together.
The DNA helix winds again as the gene is transcribed.
DNA
RNA polymerase
moves along the DNA
The RNA strand detaches from the DNA once the gene
is transcribed.
RNA
Post-transcriptional modifications
Primary transcript is not
mature mRNA
DNA sequence has coding
regions (exons) and non-
coding regions (introns)
Introns must be removed
before primary transcript
is mRNA and can leave
nucleus
This process is called as
alternative splicing
Chapter Overview
The nature of genetic information
Transcription
DNA TACGCACATTTACGTACGCGG
aa
aa
aa
mRNA AUGCGUGUAAAUGCAUGCGCC
aa
aa
aa
aa
ribosome
A C C A U G U C G A U C A G U A G C A U G G C A
How does mRNA code for proteins
mRNA leaves nucleus
mRNA goes to ribosomes in cytoplasm
Proteins built from instructions on mRNA
How?
mRNA
A C C A U G U C G A U C A GU A GC A U G GC A
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
How does mRNA code for proteins?
DNA TACGCACATTTACGTACGCGG
ribosome
mRNA AUGCGUGUAAAUGCAUGCGCC
?
protein Met Arg Val Asn Ala Cys Ala
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
codon
mRNA AUGCGUGUAAAUGCAUGCGCC
ribosome
?
protein Met Arg Val Asn Ala Cys Ala
Start codon
AUG
methionine
Stop codons
UGA, UAA, UAG
How are the codons matched to amino
acids?
DNA TACGCACATTTACGTACGCGG
mRNA AUGCGUGUAAAUGCAUGCGCC
codon
UAC
tRNA GCA
Met CAU anti-codon
amino Arg
acid Val
Anti-codon = block of 3 tRNA bases
mRNA to protein = Translation
The working instructions mRNA
The reader ribosome
The transporter transfer RNA (tRNA)
ribosome
mRNA
A C C A U G U C G A U C A GU A GC A U G GC A
U GG
tRNA
U A C
A G C
aa tRNA
U AG
aa tRNA
aa aa tRNA
aa
aa
From gene to protein
aa
aa
transcription translation aa
aa
aa
aa
ribosome
A C CA U GU C G A U C A GU A GC A U GGC A
tRNA
nucleus cytoplasm
aa
trait
aa
cytoplasm aa
protein aa
aa
aa
transcription translation aa
aa
aa
aa
aa
aa
nucleus
trait
Translation:
3 stages:
a) Initiation
b) Elongation
c) Termination
Initiation of Translation
The initiation stage of translation brings together
mRNA, tRNA bearing the first amino acid of the
polypeptide (start codon), and two subunits of a
ribosome Large
ribosomal
P site subunit
3 U A C 5
5 A U G 3
Initiator tRNA
GTP GDP
E A
mRNA
5 3 5 3
Start codon
1 2
A small ribosomal subunit binds to a molecule of The arrival of a large ribosomal subunit completes
mRNA. In a prokaryotic cell, the mRNA binding site the initiation complex. Proteins called initiation
on this subunit recognizes a specific nucleotide factors (not shown) are required to bring all the
sequence on the mRNA just upstream of the start translation components together. GTP provides
codon. An initiator tRNA, with the anticodon UAC, the energy for the assembly. The initiator tRNA is
base-pairs with the start codon, AUG. This tRNA in the P site; the A site is available to the tRNA
carries the amino acid methionine (Met). bearing the next amino acid.
Elongation of the Polypeptide Chain
In the elongation stage, amino acids are added
one by one to the preceding amino acid
1 Codon recognition. The anticodon
TRANSCRIPTION DNA
Amino end of an incoming aminoacyl tRNA
mRNA
of polypeptide base-pairs with the complementary
Ribosome
TRANSLATION mRNA codon in the A site. Hydrolysis
Polypeptide
of GTP increases the accuracy and
E efficiency of this step.
mRNA 3
Ribosome ready for P A
next aminoacyl tRNA 5 site site
2 GTP
2 GDP
E E
P A P A
Release
factor
Free
polypeptide
5
3 3
3
5 5
Stop codon
(UAG, UAA, or UGA)
1 When a ribosome reaches a stop 2 The release factor hydrolyzes 3 The two ribosomal subunits
codon on mRNA, the A site of the the bond between the tRNA in and the other components of
ribosome accepts a protein called the P site and the last amino the assembly dissociate.
a release factor instead of tRNA. acid of the polypeptide chain.
The polypeptide is thus freed
from the ribosome.
Chapter Overview
The nature of genetic information
Transcription
Occurs in the
hemoglobin gene
What causes mutations?
Transposable element:
Segment of DNA that can spontaneously
move to a new location in a chromosome
It can be hundreds or thousands of base
pairs long, so when one interrupts a gene it
becomes a major insertion that changes the
genes product
Insertion mutation also caused by
transposable elements