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Applications
Metal-ceramic or
Porcelain-fused to metal restoration
Objectives
3
History
4
History
5
Terminology
• Noble metals
– Elements with good metallic surfaces that retain their luster
in clean dry air
– Indicate the relative inertness of the element in relation to
the standard EMF series
– Resist oxidation, tarnish and corrosion during heating
casting and soldering
• Platinum group (6 metals)
– Platinum, Iridium, Osmium (atomic wt 190, density 22 g/cc)
– Palladium, Rhodium, Ruthenium (atomic wt 100, density 11-12
g/cc)
• Gold (atomic wt 196, density 19.3 g/cc)
• (Silver?)
6
Terminology
• Precious metals
– Indicates how expensive a metal is based
on supply and demand.
– **The descriptors precious and
semiprecious should be avoided because
they are imprecise terms.
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Terminology
8
Classification
ADA Principal
Specification Elements
#5
ADA’s Descriptive
Classification Classification
9
ANSI/ADA
Specification #5
• Referred to Gold-based alloys
– Alloys can have any composition as long as they
pass the tests for toxicity, tarnish, yield strength,
and percent elongation.
Type %Au & Pt VHN Restoration
I (soft) 83 50-90 Inlay
Strength
11
*No discrimination among alloys within a given category*
Principal Elements
13
Descriptive
Classification
• Normal-fusing alloys • High-fusing alloys
– Medium-gold (mostly for PFM)
– Low-gold – Gold-platinum-palladium
– Silver-palladium – Gold-palladium-silver
– Silver-indium – Gold-palladium
– High-palladium
– Palladium-silver
– Base-metal
• Cr/Co; Cr/Ni
14
Restoration All-Metal Metal-Ceramic and All-Metal
RPD
Alloy Type Type Restorations Restorations
High Noble Au-Ag-Cu-Pd Au-Pt-Pd Au-Ag-Cu-Pd
> 40 wt% Au and Au-Pd-Ag (5-12 wt% Ag)
> 60% of the
Au-Pd-Ag (>12 wt% Ag)
noble metal
elements Au-Pd (no Ag)
Noble Ag-Pd-Au-Cu Pd-Au (no Ag) Ag-Pd-Au-Cu
> 25 wt% of the Ag-Pd Pd-Au-Ag Ag-Pd
noble metal Pd-Ag
elements Pd-Cu
Pd-Co
Pd-Ga-Ag
Base Metal Pure Ti Pure Ti
< 25 wt% of the Ti-Al-V Ti-Al-V
noble metal Ni-Cr-Mo-Be Ni-Cr-Mo-Be
elements Ni-Cr-Mo Ni-Cr-Mo
Co-Cr-Mo Co-Cr-Mo
Co-Cr-W Co-Cr-W
Fundamental Properties
of Noble Metals
•Gold (Au)
•Platinum (Pt)
•Palladium (Pd)
•Silver (Ag)
•Minor alloying
elements
Gold (Au)
17
Platinum (Pt)
18
Palladium (Pd)
19
Silver (Ag)
20
Minor Alloying Elements
21
• Grain refining
– The addition of as little as 50 ppm (0.005%) of Ir
and Ru results in a 100x increase in the no. of gr
ains per unit volume.
– Increases the alloy’s tensile strength and
%elongation by >30%
– Increases tarnish resistance, slightly increases
yield strength
– Does not appreciable affect hardness
22
Alloys for
All-Metal Restoration
•High-noble and
Noble Metal Alloys
–Au-Ag-Cu-Pd
–Ag-Pd
–Metal Ceramic Alloys
•Base Metal Alloys
Au-Ag-Cu-Pd Alloys
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Au-Ag-Cu-Pd: Composition
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Au-Ag-Cu-Pd: Composition
26
Au-Ag-Cu-Pd: Composition
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Au-Ag-Cu-Pd: Composition
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Au-Ag-Cu-Pd: Composition
29
Au-Ag-Cu-Pd: Composition
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Au-Ag-Cu-Pd: Composition
Copper:
– Conc. >12% of Au amount alloy can be heat treated
– Conc. >18% decrease the melting temp of the alloy
•Types I and II gold can’t be heat treated and have a higher
melting temp v.s. Types III and IV.
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Heat Treatment
100%Au
32
Heat Treatment
33
Heat Treatment
• Below 424°C
ordered crystal
lattice
– Alloy has increased
strength, hardness and
decreased ductility. 424°C
– The amount of
transformation is time
and temperature
dependent and the Ordered crystal lattice
process is reversible.
34
Softening Heat Treatment
(Solution Heat Treatment)
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Hardening Heat Treatment
(Age Hardening)
36
Silver-Palladium Alloys
(Ag-Pd)
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Ag-Pd: Composition
38
Alloys for PFM or Metal
Ceramic Restoration
Au-Pt-Pd
Au-Pd-Ag
No Copper! Au-Pd
Pd-Ag
High Pd
Firing
40
41
some important Requirements
42
Ceramic-Metal Bond
43
Gold-Platinum-Palladium Alloys
(Au-Pt-Pd)
• Composition
– Au (84-86%); Pt (4-10%); Pd (5-7%); Ag (0-5%); Fe, In, Sn
(2-3%)
– (high noble)
• Advantages
– Excellent bonding to porcelain
– Reproduces fine margins and occlusal detail
– Easily finished and polished
– Corrosion resistant and non-toxic
– Adequate yield strength and MOE (most cases)
45
• Disadvantages
– low sag and creep resistance
– not strong enough for long span FPDs
– High cost
46
Gold-Palladium-Silver Alloys
(Au-Pd-Ag)
• Composition
– Au (45-52%); Pd (26-31%); Ag (6-16%); In, Sn (5-7%)
– (high noble)
• Advantages
– Higher melting range
– Better sag and creep resistance
– Higher yield strength and MOE for long span FPDs
– Good castability
– Easily finished and polished
– Non-toxic and lower cost v.s. Au-Pt-Pd alloys
47
• Disadvantages
– Ag may cause greening of porcelain.
– White color may show through tissues as gray
and may not be as acceptable as gold collars.
– High Pd content may increase the risk of H2 gas
absorption during casting, and bonding of porcela
in may be affected by oxidizing procedures.
48
Gold-Palladium Alloys
(Au-Pd)
• Composition
– Au (45-52%); Pd (38-45%); In (8.5%); Ga (1.5%)
– (high noble)
• Advantages
– same as for Au-Pd-Ag alloys with the addition of
potentially better porcelain color due to lack of Ag
• Disadvantages
– same as for Au-Pd-Ag alloys with the exception
of porcelain greening
49
Palladium-Silver Alloys
(Pd-Ag)
• Composition
– Pd (53-88%); Ag (30-37%); In (4-7%); Sn (4-7%)
– (noble)
• Advantages
– High yield strength and MOE
– Better sag and creep resistance
– Non-toxic and low cost
• Disadvantages
– Castability < gold alloys
– High Ag porcelain greening, ↓bonding
– High Pd ↑gas absorption and poor color
50
High Palladium Alloys
• Composition
– Pd (74-88%); Cu (10-15%); Ga (9%); Au (0-2%);
Co (4-5%); In (0-5%)
– (noble)
• Advantages
– High yield strength and sag and creep resistance
– Non-toxic, low cost
– Castability = gold alloys (easy)
– Excellent porcelain color
51
• Disadvantages
– Porcelain bond strength may be variable.
– High Pd content ↑ H2 gas absoption, poor
solderability
– Can’t be used with carbon investments or
crucibles
• Carbon or Silicon contamination will cause brittle
castings which may crack or tear at grain boundaries u
nder stress.
52
Palladium in PFM Alloys
53
Minor Elements in PFM Alloys
54
Heat Treatment
55
Base Metal Alloys
•Ni-Cr, Co-Cr
•Pure Ti, Ti alloy
Co-Cr and Ni-Cr alloys
Co-Cr Ni-Cr
57
Composition
• Chromium (11-20%)
– responsible for tarnish and corrosion resistance
due to its passivity “passivation”
– if >30% difficult to cast and brittle
• Cobalt or Nickel (65-78%)
– Co and Ni are pretty much interchangeable.
– Ni alloys have decreased strength, hardness,
MOE, fusion temps and increased ductility and %
elongation v.s. Co alloys.
58
Composition
59
Composition
– Aluminum (4-5%)
• forms a Ni3Al in NiCr alloys which contributes to
precipitation hardening resulting in increased tensile
and yield strength.
– Beryllium (0.5-2%)
• decreases the fusion temp by approx 100°C
• increases fluidity during casting
• allows for electrolytic etching (with resin bond
prosthesis)
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Composition
61
Heat Treatment
62
Titanium and Titanium Alloys
63
Cast Titanium
• Problems
– High melting point (~ 1700°C)
– Chemical reactivity
• Reacts with gaseous elements easily, esp. at high temp
(>600°C)
Need a well-controlled vacuum in
processing
The technology required makes casting Ti
so expensive.
64
Considerations on
Properties
Melting Range
• The solidus-liquidus range should be narrow to avoid having
the alloy in a molten state for extended times during casting.
To decrease oxides and contamination
• Liquidus temp determines the burnout temp, type of
investment, and type of heat-source.
– Burnout temp liquidus temp – 500°C
– Burnout temp >700°C, cannot use gypsum-bonded investment
• Liquidus temp: Base-metal 1400°-1500°C vs. cast gold Type I-IV 800°-
1050°C
– Liquidus temp < 1100°C gas-air torch, >1100°C gas-oxygen
torch or electrical induction
• Solidus temp is important to soldering and formation of
ordered phases.
– Limit heating to 50°C below the solidus temp.
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Density
67
Yield Strength
68
Hardness
69
Elongation/Fatigue
70
Biocompatibility
71
End of Dental Casting
Alloys
Noble Casting Alloys
73
Properties of Elements
in Dental Casting Alloys
74
Inlay, onlay
76