DIFFERENTIAL SYSTEM

The differential system of a vehicle is

one of the most important parts of a
vehicle. Without a differential system
a vehicle is unable to handle properly
when traveling around corners,
curves or turning at all. It is mounted
n rear axle or front axle.
 FUNCTIONS OF DIFFERENTIAL
To transmit the power from
transmission shafts at right angle to
the axle shaft to move the wheel.
On straight travel, it allows both the
rear wheel of the tractor to get equal
power and speed.
On turns, it allows the inner side
drive wheel to move slower than the
outer wheel.
COMPOUNDENT OF DIFFERENTIAL

Star pinion
 ADJUSTMENT
Preloading of bearing: The initial
tightening of taper roller bearings to
avoid deflection of a part is termed
Preloading.
Bevel pinion & Differential bearing
 ADJUSTMENT
Backlash in gears: It is clearance or
play between the two intermediate
gears teeths. 0.10-0.20mm
Crown pinion &crown gear teeths.
Sun & star gear teeths.
 ADJUSTMENT
Teeth contact in between two
intermediates or mesh gears. The
contact covers approx.70% of the
teeth length.
Crown wheel runout
 FINAL REDUCTION GEAR
In all the tractor the reduction gear
boxes are used to increase the tractor
pulling power by reducing the speed.
 Brakes system

Provide a means of using friction to

either slow, stop, or hold the wheels
of a vehicle
When a tractor is moving, it has
kinetic energy (inertia)
To stop the vehicle, the brakes
convert mechanical (moving) energy
into heat
 Brake Operation
When the driver pushes on the brake
pedal, lever action pushes a rod into
the brake linkage and cam
The leverage developed in the linkage
forces through the brake lines to the
wheel brake assemblies
The brake assemblies use this
pressure to cause friction for braking
 Parking Brake
The parking brake system uses cables
or rods to mechanically apply the rear
brakes
Provides a system for holding the
wheels when the vehicle is parked, or
stopping the vehicle during complete
pedal brake system failure
 Drum and Disc Brakes
Two common types of
brake assemblies:
Disc brakes
often used on the front
wheels
Drum brakes
often used on the rear
wheels
 Comparison of front wheel braking
effort to rear wheel braking effort
When a vehicle stops, its weight
tends to transfer onto the front
wheels
The rear tires lose some of their grip
The front wheels must do more of the
braking
 Typical Braking Ratios
Rear-wheel drive vehicles:
front brakes may handle 60% to 70% of
the braking, rear brakes handle 30% to
40%
Front-wheel drive vehicles:
more weight is concentrated on the front
wheels
braking ratio is even higher at the front
wheels
 Automotive brakes use a hydraulic
system
Hydraulic brakes use confined brake
fluid to transfer brake pedal motion
and pressure to each of the wheel
brake assemblies
 Hydraulic Principles
Liquids in a confined area will not
compress
When pressure is applied to a closed
system, pressure is exerted equally in
all directions
Hydraulics can be used to increase or
decrease force or motion
Hydraulic System Action

Pressure and motion can be transferred

from one cylinder to another
Cylinders of the same size:
if one piston is moved, the other will move
the same amount with the same force
Cylinders of different size:
if the smaller piston is moved, the larger
piston will move with more force but will
move a shorter distance
Hydraulic System Action

In a hydraulic jack, a
small piston acts on a
large piston, resulting
in great force, but a
small amount of
movement
Hydraulic System Action

Hydraulic jack operation

Hydraulic Brake Action

The master cylinder acts as the

pumping piston that supplies system
pressure
The wheel cylinder acts as the power
piston, moving the friction linings into
contact with the rotating drums or
discs
Hydraulic Brake Action
Brake Pedal Assembly

A lever to increase the force applied to

the master cylinder piston
 Master Cylinder
Foot-operated pump that forces fluid to
the brake lines and wheel cylinders
Develops pressure to apply the brakes
Equalizes pressure required for braking
Keeps the system full of fluid as the
linings wear
May maintain a slight pressure to keep
contaminants from entering the system
Master Cylinder

Brakes applied Brakes released

Master Cylinder Components
Master Cylinder Components

Cup and piston

used to pressurize the system
when they are pushed forward, they
trap fluid, building pressure
Intake port
allows fluid to enter the rear of the
cylinder as the piston slides forward
fluid flows from the reservoir, into the
area behind the piston and cup
Master Cylinder Components

Compensating port
releases pressure when the piston
returns to the released position
fluid can flow back into the reservoir
through the compensating port
Residual pressure valves
maintain residual fluid pressure of
approximately 10 psi (69 kPa) to help
keep contaminants out of the system
Master Cylinder Components

Rubber boot
prevents dust, dirt, and moisture from
entering the back of the master
cylinder
Reservoir
stores an extra supply of brake fluid
cast as part of the housing or added as
a removable plastic part
Piston and Cup
Residual
Pressure Valve
Brakes applied, fluid
flows freely

Brakes released, the

valve closes to
restrict the return of
fluid to the master
cylinder
Dual Master Cylinder
Dual Master Cylinder
Uses two separate hydraulic pistons
and two fluid reservoirs
Each piston operates a hydraulic
circuit that controls two wheel brake
assemblies
If there is a leak in one of the
hydraulic circuits, the other circuit
can still provide braking action on
two wheels
Dual Master
Cylinder
Dual Master Cylinder
(Normal Operation)

Both pistons produce pressure to all

four wheel brake assemblies
Dual Master Cylinder
(Rear Brake Circuit Leak)

Primary piston pushes on the

secondary piston, two wheel brake
assemblies still work
Dual Master Cylinder
(Front Brake Circuit Leak)

Secondary piston slides forward,

primary piston operates two
wheel brakes normally
Power Brakes
Use a booster and vacuum or
hydraulic pressure to assist brake
pedal application
The booster is located between the
brake pedal linkage and the master
cylinder
When the driver presses on the
brake pedal, the brake booster helps
push on the master cylinder pistons
Vacuum Booster
Uses vacuum produced in the engine
intake manifold or by a separate
pump to apply the hydraulic brake
system
Consists of a housing that encloses a
diaphragm
When vacuum is applied to one side
of the booster, the diaphragm
moves toward the low-pressure area
Vacuum Booster
Operation
Atmospheric Suspended Brake
Booster

Atmospheric pressure is present on

both sides of the diaphragm when
the brakes are released
When the brakes are applied,
vacuum is routed to one side of the
booster
Atmospheric pressure then pushes
on and moves the diaphragm
Vacuum Suspended Brake
Booster
Vacuum is present on both sides of
the diaphragm when the brakes are
released
When the brakes are applied, vacuum
is released from one side of the
booster
Atmospheric pressure then pushes on
and moves the diaphragm
Vacuum Brake Booster
Hydraulic Booster
Uses power steering pump pressure to
help the driver apply the brake pedal
Known as hydro-boost or hydra-
booster
Commonly used on vehicles with diesel
engines
diesel engines do not produce a usable
amount of intake manifold vacuum
Hydraulic Booster
Hydraulic Booster

When the pedal pushes on the unit,

the spool valve allows more oil to
enter the pressure chamber, pushing
on the power piston
Brake Fluid

Specially blended hydraulic fluid that

transfers pressure to the wheel
brake assemblies
Rated by the SAE and DOT
SAE (Society of Automotive Engineers)
DOT (Department of Transportation)
Brake Fluid
Brake fluid must have the following
characteristics:
correct viscosity at all temperatures
high boiling point
noncorrosive
water tolerant
lubricates components
low freezing point
Brake Lines and Hoses
Transfer fluid pressure from the master
cylinder to the wheel brake assemblies
Lines
made of double wall steel tubing
tubing ends usually have double-lap flares
Hoses
made of reinforced rubber
used where flexing action is necessary
Brake Lines and Hoses
Brake Line Hardware

Brackets and
clips secure the
hoses and lines
to prevent
damage
Brake Systems

Often used on rear-

wheel-drive vehicles

Often used on front-

wheel-drive vehicles,
with high front-to-rear
brake ratio
Disc Brake Assembly

The assembly consists of a caliper,

brake pads, a rotor, and hardware
Single Piston Caliper

The caliper slides as the piston moves in

to clamp the brake pads against the rotor
Disc Brake Pads
Anti-rattle clips
keep the brake pads from vibrating and
rattling
Pad wear sensor
metal tab on the brake pad
emits a loud squeal when it scrapes
against the brake disc when the lining
has worn too thin
Brake Disc (Rotor)
Uses friction from the brake pads to
slow or stop wheel rotation
Normally made of cast iron
Constructed as part of the hub, or a
separate unit
May be solid, or a ventilated rib
construction
Disc Brake Assembly

This rotor is vented to increase cooling

Floating Caliper

The disc brake is mounted on two

bolts supported by rubber bushings
Uses one piston
The caliper is free to shift, or float, in
the rubber bushings
Sliding Caliper

Uses one piston

Mounted in slots machined in the
caliper adapter
The caliper is free to slide sideways in
the slots as the linings wear
Fixed Caliper

Uses more than one piston and

caliper cylinder
The caliper is bolted directly to the
steering knuckle
Pistons on both sides of the disc push
against the brake pads
Drum Brake Assembly

A large drum surrounds the brake

shoes and the hydraulic wheel cylinder
Backing Plate

Holds the springs, wheel cylinder,

and other parts inside the drum
Helps keep road dirt and water off
the brakes
Bolts to the axle housing or the
spindle support
Wheel Cylinder Assembly

Uses master cylinder pressure to force

the brake shoes out against the drum
Wheel Cylinder Components

Boots
keep road dirt and water out of the
cylinder
Pistons
metal or plastic plungers that transfer
force out of the cylinder to the brake
shoes
Cups
rubber seals that keep fluid from
leaking past the pistons
Wheel Cylinder Components

Springs
hold the rubber cups against the
pistons when the wheel cylinder
assembly is not pressurized
metal expanders may be used on the
ends
Bleeder screw
provides a means of removing air from
the brake system
Brake Shoes
Rub against the revolving brake
drum to produce braking action
Made by fastening organic friction
material onto a metal shoe
rivets or bonding agents may be used
The front shoe is the primary shoe
uses the shortest lining
The rear shoe is the secondary shoe
uses the largest lining surface area
Brake Shoes

Retracting springs
pull the brake shoes away from the brake
drums when the brake pedal is released
Hold-down springs
hold the brake shoes against the backing
plate when the brakes are in the released
position
Drum Brake Assembly
Brake Shoe Adjusters
Maintain the correct drum-to-lining
clearance as the brake linings wear
Automatic adjusters normally
function when the brakes are applied
with the vehicle moving in reverse
If there is too much lining clearance,
the brake shoes move outward and
rotate with the drum enough to
operate the adjuster lever
Brake Shoe Adjusters

Cable-type star wheel adjuster

Brake Shoe Adjusters

Link-type star wheel adjuster

Brake Shoe Adjusters

Lever-type star wheel adjuster

Brake Shoe Adjusters

Cable-type star wheel adjuster with an

overtravel spring
Brake Shoe Adjusters

Lever-latch adjuster
Brake Shoe Adjusters

Sliding-latch adjuster
Brake Drums

Provide a rubbing surface for

the brake shoe linings