LNB 30503

SHIP STRUCTURES
TRANSVERSE STRENGTH :
STRAIN ENERGY
 Introduction
In this lecture we will ;
Discuss the structural analysis that is
concerned with forces, deflections, stresses
and strains. All these involve energy. An
analysis of energy can be a way to simply the
structural analysis
 Introduction
When external forces are applied to an beam or structure
the structure distorts.The external forces perform work
and the energy is stored in the structure in the form
stress and elastic deformation.

In conformance with the law of conservation of energy

the work done in the small movements of the external
forces (W) must be equal to the potential energy U stored
in the structure.

External Work Done = Internal Energy Store

W=U
 Introduction
Within the elastic range the potential energy of a
structure under load consist of elastic strain energy , and
this can conveniently be divided into four categories :
Strain energy due to direct force
Strain energy due to bending
Strain energy due to shearing forces
Torsional strain energy
 Nomenclature
c = distance from neutral axis to outer fibre(m)
E = Young's Modulus (N/m2)
F = Axial Force (N)
G = Modulus of Rigidity (N/m2)(m)
I = Moment of Inertia (m4)(m)
l = length (m)
M = moment (Nm)
V = Traverse Shear force Force (N)
x = distance from along beam (m)
z = distance from neutral (m)
= Angular strain = /l
= deflection (m)
= shear stress (N/m2)
max = Max shear stress (N/m2)
= Deflection (radians)
 Elastic Strain Energy
Strain Energy Pure Tension and compression
 Elastic Strain Energy
Strain Energy Pure Torsion
 Elastic Strain Energy
Strain Energy Direct Shear

Alternatively allowing z to be a
variable :
 Applications to Deformations in
Structures
L d
P2L PL
P U ;d
2 AE AE
A

External Work done by forces on structure = internal Strain Energy

Consider the truss shown at the

right:
External Work =FD
where D = deflection at B.
All 7 members have same AE
(axial stiffness)
Strain Energy Beam in bending
Strain Energy Beam in bending
Illustrating the case when M is fixed and note related to x

Illustrating the case when M is related, very simply to x

Strain Energy Beam in bending
 Strain Energy due to tranverse shear stress

Consider a beam subject to traverse shear loading as

shown.The beam is subject to stresses as a result of
bending moments.It is also subject to stresses as a result of
traverse shear load.These notes only relate to the stresses
due to the traverse shear load.

Consider the beam as shown and specifically a slice dx

wide.

The beam width is b

Strain Energy due to tranverse shear stress

There is a linear distribution of axial stress x at a section at a distance x along

the beam =

Along the slice dx the axial stress increases to (M + Vdx)z/ I .

Thus along the slice dx there is a increase in axial stress of [(Vdx)z] / I.

The total increase in axial force over slice dx for the section of the beam from z1
to the outer fibre of the beam is balanced by a shear force = xz b dx as shown
below.
bStrain Energy
is width: due to tranverse
For a rectangle shear
b = constant: stress
For other
section b may be a function of x

Solving for xz

The maximum shear stress is at the neutral axis when z1 = 0 and

the minimum shear stress is at the outer fibre when z1 = c.

The equation for shear stress at any distance z from the neutral
axis for a rectangular suction, with
constant width b, subject to a traverse shear force V is as shown
below.
Strain Energy due to tranverse shear stress

To obtain the strain energy substitute this equation into

that derived for direct shear
Strain Energy due to tranverse shear stress

To obtain the strain energy substitute this equation into

that derived for direct shear
Strain Energy due to tranverse shear stress
For the solid rectangle ( c = h/2, width = b, height = h, and
length = x )subject to a traverse force V load along its length the
strain energy = ...

Using similar principles the strain energy for different sections

subject to traverse shear can be identified as shown below
Strain Energy due to tranverse shear stress
Comparing the strain energy due to direct shear in a beam
and that due to bending:

For the simply supported rectangular section beam with a

central traverse force of 2V of length l the strain energy
due to bending and due to traverse shear as shown below.
 SUMMARY
For a simply supported rectangular beam loaded, with single central load, The
strain energy resulting from the bending moments is [l2 /h2]/3 times that due to
traverse shear loading.

For a typical beam of l/h ratio = 10 the bending shear energy is 33 times the
traverse force shear energy.

The traverse force shear energy can be neglected for most beams of significant
length.

The strain energy in a member or component for each type is

loading is shown below:
 Castiglianos's Method
These methods called energy methods are completely independent
of the normal stress/strain methods described elsewhere and are often
much more convenient to apply.

Castigliano theorem is the best known energy method

This method provides a means of finding a particular deformation at

a particular point.

Unlike the method of double integration, it does not provide general

equations for linear and angular deformations for every point on a
beam or structure.

For may problems a particular solution is often the only information

required and the energy method is the most convenient option
 Castiglianos's Method
Castiglianos's theorem is stated below

When forces act on elastic systems subject to small displacements,

the displacement corresponding to any force collinear with the force is
equal of the partial derivative to the total strain energy with respect to
that force.

The sign of the displacement is positive, if the displacement is in the

same direction as the force

Mathematically Catigliano's theorem is stated as follows..

i is the displacement of the point of application of the force F i in the direction of F i..
 Castiglianos's Method
For angular displacement (rotational) This equation can be expressed
as follows

i is the rotational displacement (radians) of the moment M i in the direction of

Mi

This method is very useful for obtaining the displacement of a point

where there is no force or moment. In this case a force/ moment is
created and then made zero at a suitable point in the analysis.
 Castiglianos's Method
Procedure

The procedure to be applied in using Castiglianos's theorem is as follows :

a) To determine a deflection y i in the direction of a real or fictitious force

Ff

Obtain an expression for the total strain energy including the the
loads F,M,T,V and a fictitious force if required required.

Obtain the linear deflection y f from the relationship y f = U / F f

If the force is fictitious set F f = 0 and solve the resulting equation

 Castiglianos's Method
Procedure

The procedure to be applied in using Castiglianos's theorem is as follows :

b) To determine an angular deflection f in the direction of a real or

fictitious moment M f

Obtain an expression for the total strain energy including the the
loads F,M,T,V and a fictitious moment if required.

Obtain the angular deflection from the relationship f = U /M I

If the moment is fictitious set M f = 0 and solve the resulting equation

This assumes that the system is linear-elastic, and therefore the
deflection D is a linear function of F.

Load, F

D, Deflection at B

The total strain energy stored in the system is the sum of the individual
strain energies in each of the truss members numbered i=1 to 7.

7
Pi 2 Li
U
i 1 2 Ei Ai
 Equating External Work to Internal Strain Energy:

1 7
Pi 2 Li
DB FD
2 i 1 2 Ei Ai

1 7
Pi 2 Li
D
F

i 1 Ei Ai

Since, in this case, EA is constant for all members,

1 7 2
DB
FEA i 1
Pi L
 Try it!
A lightweight aluminum truss, E=70000
MPa, has a height, Lo=1m, and is made of
tubular stock with a cross sectional area
of 250 mm2. Determine the deflection at
B when the load, F=20kN.

OK!..

Lets use an Energy method! 1 7 2

DB
FEA i 1
Pi L
 Solution:
Solve the truss using statics to determine the forces in each member:

Forces Length of Pi2Li

Members
P1=-F L1=L0 F2 L0
2
P2 = 2 F L2= 2L0 2 2F L0
P3=-F L3=L0 F2 L0
P4=-2F L4=L0 4F2 L0
P5 = 2 F L5= 2L0 2 2F 2 L0
P6=F L6=L0 F2 L0
P7=0 L7=L0 0
Sum (7+42) F2 L0

Note: It doesnt matter if the axial load is compressive or tensile, both

add to the total strain energy since the P term is squared.
OK, already find the deflection.

D
7 4 2 FL 0
EA

7 4 2 (20000) N (1000)mm
mm
2 2
(70000) N / mm (250)mm
14.4mm

What is the maximum stress in the truss?

P4 =-2F=40kN (compression)
S=P/A = 40000/250 = 160 MPa
assumptions about linear elasticity are OK, if Sy>160MPa
 Beam Elements:
F(x)

y z

dA
dx y
y

A beam that is symmetrical in x-section about the z-axis, is subjected to

bending. Consider a infinitesimal volume element of length dx and area dA as
shown. This element is subjected to a normal stress: sx=My/I
The Strain Energy Density on this element is:
1
u s x x
2
For linear elastic material 1 2
sx
2E
Substituting, s My and multiplying by the Volume of the element
x
I

M 2 y2
udxdA 2
dxdA
2 EI
Hence, the Strain Energy for a slice of the beam, of width dx, is

dU udxdA
A
2
M

2
2
dx y dA
2 EI A
x
A
y 2 dA I xx
M2
dU dx
dx 2 EI
y
 Assumptions.
There is no axial force on the element (case of
pure bending)
The shear stress & strain on the element is
relatively small, and hence the contribution of
shear strain energy is negligible.
These assumptions are generally valid for long
slender beams.
Strain Energy in Entire Beam
Consider the cantilever beam as shown

L F
x

d
I

M=F(x-L)
L F x L 2 dx
U 0 2 EI

F 2 L3

6 EI
 Deflection
F
L
x Linear-elastic,
Fd
d
I

y
1
External Work, W Fd = Strain Energy
2
2 3
F L

6 EI
3
FL
d Classical Solution
3EI
 Try it! P
x
Determine Elastic Strain
Energy due to bending for
L/2 L/2
simply supported 3-point
bending member of constant
X-section. y
P/2

Shear Force
-P/2

For 0 xL/2: M=Px/2

Moment PL/4
Note by symmetry we can
find the total strain energy
by doubling the strain
energy of the LHS.
 L 2 L/2 2
M M
U dx 2 dx
0
2 EI 0
2 EI
L/2
P2 x2
2 dx P

0
8 EI
2 3 L/2
P x
L/2 DB L/2
12 EI 0
y
P 2 L3

96 EI Determine DB.
 DB can be determined by an energy method:.
Izz=bh3/12
1 P 2 L3
W FD B
2 96 EI z h=50mm
PL3
DB
48 EI y
b=20 mm

Find the Deflection for the x-section shown: L=2m, P=20 kN; h=50mm, b=20mm,
SAE1045 Steel, E=200,000 MPa, Sy=400MPa

Mc PL / 4(h / 2)
PL 3
20000(2000) 3 sx
DB I zz (b)( h) 3 / 12
48 EI 48(200000)(50)(100) 3 / 12 20000(2000) / 4(50 / 2)

4mm (50)(100) 3 / 12
60 MPa < Sy , OK
 Elastic Strain Energy due to
Transverse Shear Stress

1
y U t xyg y a 3
2
txy 1
u t xyg xy ; t xy Gg xy
2
t xy 2

x 2G
gxy
d gxya
Shear Strain Energy
F(x)

x
z
y

dA

1 t xy
dx 2
y
U udV dV
2 G
t xy T / dA;Where T shear force
1 T2
U 2 dAdx f is called a form
2 AG factor:
1 fT 2 Circle f=1.11
dx Rectangle f=1.2
2 AG Tube f=2.00
I section f=A/Aweb
Bending Moment And Deflection
of Beams
Dealing with the longitudinal strength of ship
shown that bending moment on ships
structure could be obtained by simply
integrating the load curve twice.
This method can be applied to local strength
members when they are simply supported at
their end and there are not more than two
support.
 THANK YOU
FOR YOUR ATTENTION