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Intrinsic spin of
electrons (more
important effect)
Earth is a big magnet!!
The North pole of a small
magnet (compass) points
towards geographic North
because Earths magnetic
South pole is up there!!
The Magnetism of the Earth
S N
B
Magnetic Force
A current consists of moving charges. Amperes experiment
implies that a magnetic field exerts a force on a moving charge. This
is true, although the exact form of the force relation was not
discovered until later in the 19th century. The force depends on the
relative directions of the magnetic field and the velocity of the
moving charge, and is perpendicular to both..
(
F= q v B
)
Magnetic Force on Moving Charges
Properties of the magnetic force:
1. Only moving charges experience
the magnetic force. There is no
magnetic force on a charge at rest (
F= q v B )
q
Magnetic field defined by magnetic force
on a test charge
Force magnitude depends on direction of
v relative to B
F = qv B
v is parallel to B sin = 0
v is perpendicular to B sin = 1
v is at angle from B sin F = qvB sinq
Direction is perpendicular to B and v
Right hand rule
Magnetic Force on Current-Carrying Wire
Use the right-hand rule
F to find the direction of
the magnetic force.
B
I
F=BLI
F = Force (N)
B = Mag. Flux Density (T)
L = length(m)
I = Current (A)
Units of the Magnetic Field
From the expression for force on a current-
carrying wire:
B = Fmax / I L
Units: Newtons/Am Tesla (SI unit)
Another unit: 1 gauss = 10-4 Tesla
Some sample magnetic field strengths:
Earth: B = 0.5 gauss = 0.5 x 10-4 T
Bar magnet: B 100 200 gauss
Strong electromagnet: B = 2 T
Superconducting magnet: B = 5 10 T
Neutron star: B 108 109 T
Magnetar: B 1011 T
Reading Quiz
The magnetic force on a moving charged particle is:
(1) Perpendicular to the velocity
(2) Parallel to the velocity
(3) Parallel to the B field
(4) Independent of the velocity
(5) None of the above
No force when v || B
i
Magnetic Force
A rectangular current loop is in a uniform
magnetic field. What direction is the net
force on the loop?
(a) + x B
(b) + y
(c) zero
(d) x z
(e) y
Forces cancel on y
opposite sides of loop x
Amperes Law Typical Configurations
the integral of the vector
magnetic field intensity, H, The magnetic field around
around a closed path is an infinitely long, straight
equal to the total current conductor carrying a
linked by the closed path, I current, i is:
Hd l = i i
linear
H
Magnetic Intensity
B = H
= r 0
B = 0 q (v r)
4 r 2
Magnetic Field from a tight
coil I.e. many current loop
ds
Direction: r Magnitude:
as for a single loop
0 I
B=
1 loop Current I 2R
0 NI
N loops Current NI B=
2R
Other examples of Magnetic field
Force on wire 1 0 I1 I 2
F1 = l1
due to wire 2
2a
From Newtons 3rd Law 0 I1 I 2
(& symmetry) Force on F2 = l2
wire 2 due to wire 1 2a
F 0 I1 I 2
Force / unit length =
l 2a
Definition of Ampere F 0 I1 I 2
=
l 2a
If the magnitude of the force per unit
length between 2 parallel wires carrying
identical currents and separated by 1m is
210-7 N/m then the current in each wire
is 1A
Hdl = Ni
where N is a
number of turns