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 CIRCULATORY
CIRCULATORY SYSTEMS
SYSTEMS
Consist of 2 systems : 1,2

Cardiovascular system 2 way transport

Heart : pump

Arteries: take blood from heart to organ

Capillaries: for metabolic exchange

Veins: take blood back to heart

Lymphoid vascular system

Collect excess extracellular tissue fluid (lymph)

One way transport from tissue to cardiovascular system

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 H
HEEA
ARRT
T

4 chambers :
R/L atriums
R/L ventricles

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 4 Valves :
Mitral valve
Tricuspid valve
Aortic valve
Pulmonary semilunar valve

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 Heart Wall : 1, 2
Endocardium
Myocardium
Epicardium

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I. Endocardium
Inner layer of atriums & ventricles2
Homologous with tunica intima of
blood vessels
Consist of : 1, 2
1.Endothelium :
Simple squamous epithelium
Junctions :
Tight/occluding junctions
Gap junctions
2. Subendocardial layer :
Loose connective tissue
Contain veins, nerves,
Purkinje cells (branches of
impulse conducting system of
heart
Connected to myocardium
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 II. Myocardium Thick
e st o n
ventr
icles 2

Thickest tunics
cardiac muscle cells

Speciallized muscle cells in atrium

produce atriopeptin, ANF(Atrial Natriuretic
Thinnest
Factor), cardiodilatin, cardionatrin Smaller cardiac
help in maintain fluid & electrolyte balance3 muscle cells
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Type Of Cardiac
Muscle Fiber

1. Conducting Impluse
Fiber

2. Contractile
Fiber 8
1. Conducting Impulse Fiber
Conduction system of
heart: 2, 3
Modification of cardiac
muscle cells
Generate a rythmic stimulus
Consist of :
1. 2 node in atrium wall:
Sinoatrial node/SA node
Atrioventricular node/AV
node
2. AV bundle branches of
AV node
3. Purkinje fibers
branches of AV bundle 9
 Purkinje fibers : 2, 3
Branches of AV Bundle
Located at subendocardial
Distinctive appearance with
ordinary cardiac muscle :
Larger & contain more
cytoplasm
Less myofibril
Rich in mitochondria &
glycogen
1 or 2 central nuclei

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 2. Contractile
Fiber
Elongated, cylindrical & branching
fiber
Each fiber contains only 1 or 2 nuclei,
centrally placed
Cross striations similar to skeletal
muscle (A/I/H band & M/Z line)
Sarcoplasm contain numerous large
mitochondria

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 Special junctions at the end
of two cardiac fiber
3 junctions :
1.Fascia adherens
2.Macula adherens
(desmosome)
3.Gap junctions

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Intercalated Disc with light microscope
dark lines crossed the cardiac fiber
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III. Epicardium
Homologue to tunica
adventitia in blood vessels3
Outermost layer of heart wall3
Consist of : 1, 2
1. Pericardium viceral
mesothelium (simple
squamous epithelium)
2. Subepicardial layer
loose connective tissue
with coronary vessels,
nerves & ganglia
3. Pericardium parietal:
mesothelium & conn.
tissue
Space between pericardium
contain serous liquid for
lubricating 14
BLOOD
BLOOD VESSELS
VESSELS

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 BLOOD
BLOOD VESSELS
VESSELS
Differ in size, distribution & function but have similarity in
several feature 2, 3
Wall divided into : 1, 2, 3
1. Tunica Intima :
Endothelium : simple squamous epthelium, rest on
basal lamina
Provide smooth surface of blood vessel
Secreting type I, IV & V collagen, lamin,
endothelin, nitric oxide, von Willebrand factor.
Posses membrane bound enzyme such as
angiostensin converting enzyme (ACE)
Subendothelium loose conn. tissue, few scattered
smooth muscle
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2. Tunica Media:
Equivalent to myocardium
Most variable layer in size &
structure
Contain variable amount of
smooth muscle & elastic
tissue depend on blood
vessel function
3. Tunica Adventitia:
Correspond to epicardium
lack mesothelial cells
Varies in thicknes
Mostly composed of
fibroblast, type I collagen
fiber & elastic fiber
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 Blood Vessel Wall Composition

ELASTIC TISSUE
LARGE ARTERIES MUSCLE

SMALL ARTERIES
MEAN PRESSURE

ARTERIOLES

CAPILLARIES
VENULES &VEINS

LARGE SMALL LARGE

INSIDE DIAMETER 18
 Membrana Elastica :
Interna :
Separating T. Intima
& T. Media
Composed of
perforated elastin
tissue
Function: permits
diffusion of
substances
Eksterna :
Separating T. Media
& T. Adventitia
More delicate than
interna 19
 Vasa Vasorum :
Found in large vessels
Small arteries branching to
serve nutrition to cells in t.
media & t. adventitia
More prevalent in veins than
arteries coz venous blood
contain less oxygen & nutients
than arterial blood 20
Nerve Supply Of Blood Vessel 3

A network of vasomotor nerve of sympathetic

component of autonomic nervous system
supplies smooth muscle cells of vessels
release norepinephrine diffuse to smooth
muscle cells nearby impulses propagated to
entire smooth muscle via gap junction
Arteries supply the skeletal muscle also receive
parasympathetic nerves vasodilatation

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CLASSIFICATION OF BLOOD VESSELS

ARTERIES
Elastic arteries / conducting arteries

Medium (muscular) arteries / distributing arteries

& small arteries

Arteriole

VEIN

Large vein

Medium & small veins

Venule

CAPILLARIES

Continuous capillaries

Fenestrated capillaries
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Sinusoidal capillaries
23
ARTERIE
ARTERIE

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 A.
A. ELASTIC
ELASTIC ARTERIE
ARTERIE
Aorta, Iliaca Communis,
Pulmonaris, Brachiocephalic,
Subclavia, Carotid Comm. 2
Yellow wall coz abundance of
elastin in T. media
Tunica Intima : (1, 2)
Thick thicker than T.
intima A. Muscularis
Endothelial cells
Tunika Intima Weibel-Palade bodies
von Willebrand factor
(stored only in arteries)
Membran elastica interna
incomplete
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Thickest layer from 2 other tunica
40-70 layer of elastic membran
Smooth muscle (+)

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 T. Adventitia :

In elastic arteries, the tunica adventitia consists mostly

of connective tissue & the vasa vasorum

Thin layer of fibroelastic connective tissue

Vasa Vasorum (+) reach into T. Media
Lymphatic vessel & nerve fibers

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B. MEDIUM & SMALL ARTERIE
Endothelial cells Weibel-Palade bodies
von Willebrand factor
Membran elastica interna(+)

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29
Smooth muscle layer:
Muscular A. : thick up to 40 layers
Small A. thin

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 Muscular A. as thick as T. media
consist of colagen & elastin fiber
Membrana elastica eksterna(+)

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Thin T. Adventitia

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C. ARTERIOLE
Generally diameter < 0,5 mm & narrow lumen
T. Intima :
Sub endothelial layer very thin
M. Elastica Interna (-)
T. Media : Smooth Muscle 1-2 layer
T. Adventitia :
Very thin
M. elastica eksterna (-)

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 Metaarteriole :
Branching of arteriole into capillaries 2
Constriction help in regulate blood flow in
capillaries 1, 2
Discontinue smooth muscle 1
Smooth muscle as pre capillary sphincter
control blood flow into capillary bed 3

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 Specialized Sensory Structure in
Arteries
3 types: carotid sinus, carotid
body, aortic body monitor
blood pressure & blood
composition essential
input to brain for controlling
heart beat, respiration & BP
Carotid sinus :
Baroreceptor wall of
carotid internal A.
T. adventitia thinner &
heavily endowed with sensory
nerve from cranial nerve IX
T. Media relatively thinner
permit to be distended
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 Carotid body:
Chemoreceptor in bifurcation of common A.
Composed of small pale staining cells in conn.
Tissue 2 type : glomus (type I) cells & sheath
(type II) cells
Glomus cells : large nucleus, dense cored vesicles,
cell process contact with other glomus cell &
capillary endothelial cell
Sheath cells : more long & complex process,
irregular nuclei
Aortic body: structure similar to carotid body

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37
V
VEE II N
N

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 VEIN
VEIN

Vein wall thinner than arterie coz

muscular layer & elastin layer not
as well develop as arteries
Vein Colaps with irregular lumen2,3
Same 3 layer as arteries

Classification: 1, 2
A. Large Vein
B. Medium & small veins
C. Venule

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A. LARGE VEINS
Similar to medium vein
Endotelium
Subendotel layer thin

T
hin
t. m m
S m e d i a o s t
oot lar
hm ge
u sc vei
le nw
&c ith
onn out
. ti
ss u
e

Vena Cava, Renalis, Porta,

Splennic etc 2

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 Thickest and well develop
Smooth muscle & conn. Tissue with
colagen & elastin fiber

High power view shows the vasa vasorum,

which supply blood for the wall of this large
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vein
 B. MEDIUM & SMALL VEIN
Diameter : 1 - 9 mm 1
Usually have valve 2
T. Intima: endothel
continue 1, 2
T. Media : Smooth muscle,
colagen & elastin fiber
T. adventitia : (1, 2)
Thickest than t. media
Smooth muscle, elastin &
colagen fiber

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 2 s e m i
lunar fo
C o m p o ld of T.
sed of c in t
N u m e r onn. tiss ima proj ect t
o us in li ue & lin o lumen
mb ed by en
do theliu
m
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 C. VENULE
T. Intima : 1, 2
Thin & continue endothelium
Thin basal lamina with
pericytes
T. Media : 3
Sparse conn. Tissue & few
smooth muscle cell
T. adventitia :(1, 2)
Thin
Colagen & fibroblast

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 CAPILLARIES
CAPILLARIES
Smallest blood vessel 1, 3
General structure : 2, 3
T. Intima single layer
of endothelium
Pericytes located along
outside contractile
function
Classification:1, 2
A. Continue/somatic
capillaries
B. Fenestrated/perforate
d capillaries
C. Sinusoid
Slow blood flow (0,3
mm/detik, aorta = 320
mm/detik
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 A. CONTINUE CAPILLARY
Found in Conn. Tissue, muscle,
CNS 1, 2
Endothelium continue fasciae
occludentes 3 prevent passage
many molecules
Form Blood Brain Barrier
permeable only to certain
substances

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B. FENESTRATED CAPILLARY
Similar to continue but have
pores1, 3
Found in : kidney, intestine,
endocrine gland
Fenestrae :
Covered with a pore diaphragm1
Pore diaphragm not found in
glomerulus1

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 C. SINUSOID
Structure : 1, 2, 3
Tortouos path, greatly enlarged diameter
slows the circulation of blood
Endothelium cells form discontinue layer
Discontinue basal lamina
Many fenestrae lack with diaphragm
Found in heart & hematopoetic
organs1, 2

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ARTERIOLE,
ARTERIOLE, VENULE
VENULE &
& CAPILLARIE
CAPILLARIE

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 LYMPH
LYMPH VASCULAR
VASCULAR SYSTEM
SYSTEM
Return extracellular liquid
to bloodstream1, 2 One
direction
Present in throughout body
except CNS & other few
area
Blind end lymphatic
capillarieslymphatic
vessel lymphatic ducts 1,
2, 3

A. Lymphatic capillaries :
single layer of attenuated
endothelial cells with
incomplete basal lamina
blind end
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B. Lymphatic vessel :
Closely spaced valves1
Large lymphatic vessel
resemble small veins1
Lumina larger, walls thinner
Endothelium (+)
Smooth muscle (+), collagen
& elastic fiber(+)

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C. 2 Lymphatic ducts :
Consist of : 1, 2
Ductus Thoracicus
Ductus Limphaticus Dexter
Similar to large veins 1, 2
Vasa vasorum & rich in vascular network 1
Walls : 2
T. Intima : Endothel & subendothel (+), Lamina elastica
Interna (+)
T. Media : smooth muscle > vein
T. Adventitia : undevelop

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 REFERENCES :

1. Histologi Dasar, Edisi 10, L. Carlos Junquira MD, Jose

Carneiro MD, Robert O. Kelley PhD, EGC, 1995. pp 215-
231
2. Essentials Of Human Histology, Second Edition, William J.
Krause PhD, Little Brown & Company (Inc), 1996. pp. 197-
228
3. Color Textbook of Histologi, 2nd edition, Gartner LP, Hiatt
JL, WB Saunders Company, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,
2001. Pp 251-271

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 QUIZ
QUIZ

The structure pointed by

arrow is.....

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1.Small Arteri.
2.Large Arteri.

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