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Bab II
Basic Concept
4
2D Crack Tip Fields y
y xy
r x
Williams (1957) expansion of crack tip
stress and displacement fields:
x
Mode I
z 0
n
n 1 n n n n
x r a 2 ( 1)n cos( 1) ( 1) cos( 3) (1)
2 I
n
plane stress
n 1 2 2 2 2 2
n 1
n
n n n n z v ( x y )
y r 2 anI 2 ( 1)n cos( 1) ( 1) cos( 3) (2)
n 1 2 2 2 2 2 plane strain
n n2 1 I n n n n
xy r an ( 1) sin( 3) ( 1)n sin( 1) (3) xz yz 0
n 1 2 2 2 2 2
n
2
r n n n n
u anI ( 1)n cos cos( 2) (4) and where = G
n 1 2 2 2 2 2 and
n
r 2
n n n n 34n, plane stress
v anI ( 1)n sin sin( 2) (5) (3n)/(1n), plane strain
n 1 2 2 2 2 2
5
Crack Tip Fields
y xy
Williams expansion of crack tip r x
stress and displacement fields (1957):
Mode II x
n n2 1 II n n n n
x r an 2 ( 1)n sin( 1) ( 1) sin( 3) (6) z 0
n 1 2 2 2 2 2
plane stress
n n2 1 II
z v ( x y )
n n n n
y r an 2 ( 1)n sin( 1) ( 1) sin( 3) (7)
n 1 2 2 2 2 2
plane strain
n n
n
n 1 n n
xy r a ( 1) cos( 3) ( 1)n cos( 1) (8)
II
xz yz 0
2
n
n 1 2 2 2 2 2
n
r 2
n n n n where = G
u anII ( 1)n sin sin( 2) (9)
n 1 2 2 2 2 2 and
n 34n, plane stress
r 2
n n n n (3n)/(1n), plane
v anII ( 1)n cos cos( 2) (10)
n 1 2 2 2 2 2 strain
6
Example of Expansion
Along Crack Line, x = r, Mode I
y
y
x
x (r)
a1
x 4a2 3a3 r 8a4 r 5a5r 3 2 (11)
r
a1
y 3a3 r 5a5r 3 2 (12)
r
First (leading), or singular term, a1: contains the stress intensity factor
Third term, a3: the leading higher order term (note: non-polynomial!)
7
Definition of Stress Intensity Factor
and T-stress from these Fields
Neglecting all but the first, singular term of this stress field results in the
formal definition of the stress intensity factor:
K I lim yy 2 r (13)
r 0
K II lim xy 2 r (14)
r 0
The so-called T-stress is the constant stress acting parallel to the crack
direction.
8
In Cylindrical Coordinates, to 2nd Term
3 T
cos K I cos2 K II sin (1 cos 2 )
1
(16)
2r 2 2 2 2
3 T
cos K I 1 sin 2 K II sin 2 K II tan (1 cos 2 ) (17)
1
rr
2r 2 2 2 2 2
1 T
r cos KI sin KII (3cos 1) sin 2 (18)
2 2r 2 2
9
Crack Front Principal Stresses
K1
1 cos 1 sin (19)
2 r 2 2
K1
2 cos 1 sin (20)
2 r 2 2
(21)
2 KI
3 0 or 3 cos Plane stress, or plane strain
2 r 2
10
Mode III Fields, Plane Strain
K III K III
xz sin (22) yz cos (23)
( 2 r ) ( 2 r )
1 1
2
2 2
2
x y z xz 0
1
2r
2
K
w III sin (24)
G 2
uv 0
n
for plane stress, let n
1 n
11
So Why is the Stress Intensity Factor
so Important?
Under conditions of small-scale yielding, all crack front fields
are dominated (controlled) by the stress intensity factor.
12
The Concept of K-Dominance:
When is LEFM Applicable?
y
K-Dominant KI
Region y s
yld
yield
2 x
y ys yns
rp x
D
y ns 3a3 r 5a5 r 3 / 2 ...
Inelastic
Region,
Simplified
13
Energy Release Rate
Recall that, in LEFM, energy release rate (crack driving force) is a
dual of stress intensity. For example, in Mode I:
2
K
GI I
' (25)
E
where
E' E for plane stress
E
E
'
for plane strain
( 1 n )
2
14
How Well Can We Reproduce These Fields with
Sym. the FEM?
The Griffith Problem
Typical
15
16
LEFM predicts infinite stress at the crack front.
This cannot be true for a real material.
There must be a region near the crack front where nonlinear material
behavior prevails. This behavior might be governed by elasto-plastic, or
microcracking, or any other dissipative mechanisms.
This region is called the fracture process zone.
Physical Observation
Example of an elasto-plastic process zone
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
Lets Estimate rp
First approximation, call it r*p:
KI
y
y
KI
y
2 x 2 x
yield
KI
y fy
2 rp*
rp x
2
KI
rp*
2 f y
2
fy
p
Include stress redistribution and allow for multiaxiality with the von Mises
yield criterion: 2
K Ic
rp in plane strain
3 f y
2
Why difference?
2
K Ic
rp in plane stress
f y2
27
Small Compared to What? How Small?
For K, a linear-elastic concept, to dominate the solution, the
process zone must be small compared to all significant dimensions
of the structure containing the crack.
2
25K Ic
2
K Ic
a or a 2.5
3 f y
2 f (63)
y
28
Necessary Geometrical Conditions for Validity of LEFM in Materials
in Which Elasto-Plastic Process Zone Behavior Dominates
Necessary Conditions:
2
K
a, B, W - a > 2.5 Ic
fY
W/2-a where
B
W-a = ligament
W
If all these conditions are met, then
SSY conditions are said to prevail
and LEFM applies.
29
Brittleness Numbers
An important concept that emerges from this simple calculation is that of the
Brittleness Number.
A material in a state with a high brittleness number has a small process zone,
e.g. 2
K Ic
r for elasto - plastic material state
p
f y
so the ratio of yield stress to plane strain fracture toughness, fy/KIc, can be
interpreted as a brittleness number for materials in which the process zone is
predominately dissipating energy in plastic strain energy.
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