CHAPTER 3

Macromolecules (polymers,
carbohydrates, proteins, and fats)

GROUP 4
MEMBERS : Melva Hilderia S. (06101381520043)
Msy.Wulandari (06101381520028)
Noviyanti Amarta (06101381520051)
Ratu Ayu Jessika (06101281520058)

PRECEPTOR : Drs. Andi Suharman M.Si

PRELIMINARY
Learning objectives

After reading and discussing literature is expected that students

are able to:
explain the meaning of polymers, both natural polymers and
synthetic polymers;
explain the formation of polymers based on origin and type of
monomer through polymerization reaction, for example plastic,
carbohydrates, and proteins;
to design and conduct experiments to identify the protein;
classify into aldose monosaccharide and ketoses;
describes the hydrolysis of disaccharides and polysaccharides;
classify fats by saturation bonding.
1. DEFINITION OF MACROMOLECULES

Macromolecules term was coined by Nobel laureate Hermann

Staudinger in 1920, although the first of relevant publications in
this field only mention of high molecular compounds (more than
1,000 atoms). At that time the phrase polymer, as introduced by
Berzelius in 1833, has a different meaning from today: it's just
another form of isomers, for example with benzene and
acetylene, and has nothing to do with size.

Macromolecule or polymer is a large molecule,

composed of a number of building blocks. Building blocks
called monomers. Polymerization is the process of combining
several simple molecules (monomers) to large molecules
(macromolecules or polymers).
2. Classification of Polymers
Based on the monomer type

Homopolymer is a polymer composed of monomers of the same

or similar. Example: PVC, protein, natural rubber, polyvinyl
acetate (PVA), polystyrene, starch, cellulose, and teflon.
The copolymer is a polymer composed of monomers of the
opposite sex. Based on the composition of the monomer, there are
four types of copolymer as follows.
a) Copolymers alternately.
b) block copolymers.
c) branched copolymer.
d) Copolymer irregular.
Based on the composition of the chain Shape

The linear polymer is a polymer composed with the unit

bonded to each other: to form long polymer chains.
Branched polymers are polymers formed when several
units re-establish a branch in the main chain.
The polymer crosslinked (Cross-linking) is a polymer
formed by some of the polymer chains are mutually
berikataan each other on the main chain. Cross
connection can occur in different directions, forming a
three-dimensional cross connect so-called polymer
network.
A. Various polymer by formation
1) The addition polymer
Addition polymers can be formed when the monomer
chain carbon double bond (unsaturated compounds). In this
formation, the number of monomers combine to form a polymer
fixed number of atoms.
Example:
2) Condensation polymers
Condensation polymer prepared by monomer having a
functional group. At its formation releases water molecules so that
the number of atoms of monomer is not equal to the number of
atoms contained in the polymer. In the condensation polymer
constituent monomer homopolymers and copolymers can also.
Example:
B. Establishment polymeric structure
1) Natural polymers
Example: carbohydrates and natural rubber.
a) Carbohydrates
Amylose is a polymer of D (+) glucose in the form of bond alpha
(). The structure is:
(2) amylopectin is a polymer D (+) glucose in the form of alpha
bond () with branched chain. The structure is:

(3) Cellulose is a polymer D (+) glucose in the form of a bond beta

(). The structure is:
b) Natural rubber is a polymer of 2-methyl, 1,3-butadiene
(isoprene).
The structure is:
2) Synthetic Polymers

a) Synthetic rubber
Neoprene is a polymer of chloroprene. The structure is:

b) Plastic synthetic
Synthetic plastic polymers can be divided into two kinds,
namely the addition of the polymer and the polymer is
condensation.

(1) The addition polymer

Basic reaction is
Politena is a polymer of ethene. The structure is:

The nature of polythene, which is a melting point of 105

C, soft in hot water, used for films, plastic bags, plastic bottles.

(B) Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is a polymer of vinilklorida. The

structure is:
 Nature: more fire resistant than polythene, stronger than
polythene, as cable wrapping materials, LPs.

(C) Polypropylene is a polymer of propene. The structure is:

Nature: a large density, used for plastic rope, fiber, material boats.

(D) Teflon is a polymer of tetrafluoro ethene. The structure is:

Nature: heat-resistant, highly stable, friction is small and flexible,

very hard, to coat cookware.
(2) Condensation polymers
Condensation polymers are polymers that produce /
liberating water.
Example:
(A) Bakelite is a polymer of phenol with formaldehyde. The
structure is:

Nature: thermosetting type, shock resistance, used for glass war

vehicles / vessels.
(B) Urea formaldehyde is a polymer of urea with formaldehyde.
The structure is:

Nature: thermosetting type, shock resistance, as a war windshield /

warship.

(C) 6.6 Nylon is a polymer of hexanediol dichloride with 1.6

diamino hexane. The structure is:
Nylon 6.6 is a powerful synthetic fibers, used for clothing
materials.

(D) is a Dacron polyester derived from dimethyl terephthalate with

ethylene glycol. The structure is:
Dacron is a synthetic fiber used for clothing materials.

c) Polymers derived
(1) Rubber retreading
Properties of natural rubber is less elastic and easily oxidized
because double bonded carbon chain. When natural rubber is heated
with a small amount of sulfur will change its elastic and stable. This
process is called vulcanized rubbers. Vulcanized rubber is widely
used for the manufacture of vehicle tires. The structure is:
(2) Cellulose xantat (rayon)
Xantat cellulose made from cellulose reacted with NaOH and
CS2. To get rayon generated by dilute sulfuric acid solution.
d) The type of plastic
(1) Thermoplastic is a type of soft plastic when heated and
harden when cooled without undergoing a chemical change when
heating or cooling. Such plastic then can be heated or cooled
repeatedly.
Examples: (a) Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
(b) Polyethylene
(c) Polystyrene

(2) Thermoset Plastics is a type of plastic that undergo a

chemical change when heated repeatedly. When heated a second time
and so on, when cooled it will not be able to harden again.
Examples: (a) Plastic urea formaldehyde
(b) Plastic bakelite (phenol methanal)
3. Properties of Polymers
Several factors affect the physical properties of polymers as
follows.

The average length of the polymer chain

Intermolecular force
Branching
Cross bond between the polymer chains
The nature of the crystallinity of the polymer chain
4. Reactions of Polymers
The polymerization reaction is a coupling reaction of monomers
into polymers. Polymerization can be divided into two kinds as
follows.

1)Is
the addition polymerization reaction of polymer formation of
monomers that bind duplex into a single bond.

2)Ie
condensation polymerization reaction that occurs when two or
more similar or different types of monomers combine to form large
molecules, releasing small molecules such as H2O, NH3 and HCl.
Carbohydrates
Classification of carbohydrates
1. Based on simple carbohydrates produced in the hydrolysis
A. Monosaccharides
Monosaccharide is a carbohydrate simplest unit that can
not be hydrolyzed into simpler carbohydrates again. The smallest
monosaccharides are glyceraldehyde. Example: glucose, galactose,
ribose, and others.
 According to Van't Hoff, for a compound having an
asymmetric C atom n will have as many as 2n optical isomers.
Example: glycerides having an asymmetrical C atom, the number
of optical isomer is 21 = 2, namely D-glycerides and L-
glycerides.
B. Disaccharides
Disaccharide occurs because combining two molecules of
monosaccharides with the release of water. In the hydrolysis to
form monosaccharides-monosaccharides constituent. Examples:
sucrose, lactose, maltose.

C. Polysaccharides
Polysaccharides have enormous mass formula and are not
soluble in water. Polysaccharides have the general formula:
(C6H10O5) n. Polysaccharides are carbohydrates composed by
more than eight monosaccharide units. The compounds important
polysaccharides: starch (starch), glycogen, and cellulose.
2. Based on the functional groups that contain

Aldosa, namely carbohydrates have aldehyde group. Example: Glucose is an

aldose.
Ketoses, namely carbohydrates which have a ketone group. Example: fructose
is a ketosa.

3. Based on the number of C atoms in the monosaccharide

Triose is a monosaccharide that contains three atoms C. Example:

glyceraldehyde and dihydroxy ketones.
Tetrosa is a monosaccharide containing 4 atom C. Example: ertosa.
Pentose is a monosaccharide containing five atoms C. Example: arabinose.
hexose is a monosaccharide containing six atoms C.