THE TERM TOPOLOGY REFERS

TO THE WAY A COMPUTER

NETWORK IS LAID OUT
EITHER PHISICALLY OR
LOGICALLY. IT IS A
GEOMETRIC
REPRESENTATION OF A
COMPUTER NETWORK.
TYPES OF TOPOLOGY
BUS TOPOLOGY
RING TOPOLOGY FUNDAMENTAL
STAR TOPOLOGY TOPOLOGY
MESH TOPOLOGY
TREE TOPOLOGY
HYBRIDE TOPOLOGY
CELLULAR TOPOLOGY
 BUS TOPOLOGY

In a bus topology when a computer wants to

transmit data, it generates the data packet and along
with the data packet attach a header.
Header consists of source machine address
destination machine address and how long the data
byte is?
Terminators are physical device having a resister
and hence they have the capability of destroy the
electrons.
In this topology there exist a long cable which is
known as BACK BONE CABLE and is used to link
all the communicable devices in the network. Here in
this topology all the computers are connected to the
back bone cable by the help of small small cable
known as DROP LINE CABLES. The back bone
cable and the drop line cable are connected by the help
of T-CONNECTOR. On the both end of the back
bone cable TERMINATORS are attached.
In this topology the data transmission technique is
known as CSMA(CSMA- Carrier Sense Multiple
Access). According to this technique any computer
who wants to transmit data will first check the back
bone cable. If the back bone cable is free it can start
transmitting. But if found busy they will keep on
sensing till the back bone cable is free.
 After data is transmitted the extra datas are
terminated (destroyed by the terminator).
If two or more computers want to transmit data at
the same instants of time it results in to data
collision, about which source computer have no
information.
To avoid this disadvantage CSMA/CD
(CSMA/CD- Carrier Sense Multiple
Access/Collision Detection) technique was
developed.
 According to this technique any computer
who wants to transmit data will sense the back
bone cable twice. Before transmitting the data
and again after transmitting the data. Second
time when it is sensing if they detect a high
voltage in the back bone cable, then they will
jump to the conclusion that data has collided.
And Hence they will wait for a random period
of time and then again they will sense and
retransmit. Hence in this manner next time there
is very less chance of data collision.
But in both CSMA and CSMA/CD
technique data collision is there.
Disadvantages:
Data collision
Slow data transmission rate
If any where the cable break occurs then the total
network fails
Advantages:
One and only advantage of this topology is low
cost of implementation as compared to any other
higher topology.
 RING TOPOLOGY

In this topology each device has a dedicated point to

point line configuration only with the two device on
either side of it. A signal passes along the ring in one
direction from one device to another until it reaches
to its destination. In this topology the data
transmission technique is known as TOKEN RING.
This is because there exist a logical signal known as
TOKEN . Any computer who wants to transmit
data can only transmit if he/she is holding the token.
In whole ring topology there exist only one token.
Here there is no chance of data collision.
when at a single instant of a time more
than one computer want to transmit, data
cant be transmitted because at a time
token can be used only by any one
computer.
But if the ring cable breaks then the
total network fails.
To overcome the cable break problem
DUAL RING concept was developed.
 Token rotation time (TRT) is the total time
limit how long a token can take to complete a
full rotation as the size of the ring is fixed.
Hence the token rotation time is fixed.
Token holding time (THT) is the total time
limit how long a machine can use the token
and it is fixed for all the computer present in
the network and it is minimum double of token
rotation time.
THT=2XTRT
DUAL RING TOPOLOGY
According to this technique each computer is
attached with two rings. One is known as
primary ring, other one is known as secondary
ring. When the primary ring is working fine
secondary ring is not used for data
transmission. When the primary ring fails token
is shifted to the secondary ring for data
transmission.
 If both the rings fail at the same time and at the
same place then dual ring behaves like a single
ring and the network dosent fail.
But suppose if both the rings fail at the same
time into different location then dual ring
technology fails which is a very rare chance.
Hence the main disadvantage which we find
in both the ring topology is slower data
transmission rate.
STAR TOPOLOGY

TYPES OF HUB TYPES OF SWITCH

4 PORT HUB 4 PORT SWITCH
8 PORT HUB 8 PORT SWITCH
16 PORT HUB 16 PORT SWITCH
24 PORT HUB 24 PORT SWITCH
48 PORT SWITCH
 STAR TOPOLOGY
In star topology each device has a dedicated point to point
link only to the central controller usually called HUB
(Horizontal Universal Bus). It is known as horizontal
because of its shape and universal because any kind of
communicable device you can directly connect to the
HUB and bus because it only act like a carrier.
In star topology we can also use SWITCH.
Switch is nothing but it is an intelligent Hub. Switch is
intelligent because it is having an small temporary storage
area known as BUFFER. Buffer stores the information
which computer is connected to which port and hence it
can transmit data directly to the destination computer.
Hence in star topology we can use a switch/hub.
Initially when power supply is just given to a switch, it
behaves likes an hub. But once the buffer get feel switch
becomes intelligent hub. And this feeling of buffer is done
in some micro nanoseconds.
Advantages
Faster data transfer rate.
Less number of cable used.
It is robust, i.e. if one link fails only that
computer attached to that link is fail, all other
links remains active.
Disadvantage
If the network connector hub/switch fails then the
total network fails.
MESH TOPOLOGY
In mesh topology all the devices has a dedicated
point to point link to every other device. The term
dedicated means that the link carries signal only
between the two device it connects. A fully
connected mesh network there fore has n(n-1)/2
physical link to link n devices to accommodate
that many links every device on the network must
have n-1 I/O ports.
Advantages
It is the fastest topology as compared to any
other.
It is robust. If one link becomes unusable it
doesnt affect the entire system
Disadvantages
The one and only disadvantage of the mesh
topology is practical implementation in a big
network. We cant implement mesh topology in
a network where more than 10 computers are
present.
SWITCH
HYBRID TOPOLOGY
Often network combine several topology as sub
network linked together in a large network for
instants one department of a business may have
decided to use a bus topology, while another
department has a ring topology. If we connect these
two departments via a network connector forming a
star topology and the total network now called as
HYBRID TOPOLOGY.
The advantages and disadvantages of this
topology is same as advantages and disadvantages of
all other topologies.
 PRIMARY
HUB

SECONDARY SECONDARY SECONDARY

HUB HUB HUB
TREE TOPOLOGY
In tree topology which is a variation of star
topology. As in star computers in a tree are linked
to a network connector called secondary hub. And
all the secondary hubs/switch are intern connected
to the primary hub.
The secondary and primary hub may be active or
passive. A passive hub provides a simple physical
connection between the attached devices where as a
active hub along with providing connectivity can
also regenerate signals. Because it is having
repeater ckt inbuilt.
The advantage and disadvantage of tree
topology is saying as those of star. But due
to addition of secondary hubs the added
advantage we get is any of the hub fails then
the total network is not failing only the
computers attached with that particular
device will fail.
 CELLULAR TOPOLOGY
Cellular topology which is design to establish a communication
between mobile unit and mobile unit or between mobile unit
and stationary.
In cellular topology which is compared as wireless tree
topology because here MTSO is acting like an primary hub and
CELL OFFICES act like an secondary hub and to the secondary
hub communicable devices (mobiles) are connected. As it is a
mobile communication if a user while talking moves from one
cell office to another cell office the MTSO automatically shift
the voice channel carrying the voice from old cell office to new
cell office. This automatic shifting off voice channel is known
as HANDOFF.
HANDOFF is perform so smoothly that always
it is transferent to the user. In mobile
communication any user can talk with any
other user only by help of voice channels and
which can only be given by MTSO.
The advantages and disadvantages of this
cellular topology is same as that of tree
topology.