RESEARCH METHODS

DESIGN OF RESEARCH

&

SAMPLING DESIGN
Research Design Decisions
Study about what?
What type of Data is required?
Where from Data can be collected?
Sources of Data.
Sample Design.
Techniques of Data Collection:
(a) Questionnaire Method or
(b) Observation Method.
How to analyze Data?
RESEARCH DESIGN
Variables must be Identified:
(a) Dependent Variable &
(b) Independent Variable
(c) Extraneous Variable
Research Hypothesis Statement (Tentative
or Intuitive Result of the identified
Research Problem) should be formulated
[not always required but for
Experimentation it is mandatory]
RESEARCH DESIGN
Exploratory Research Studies
(Preliminary or Formulative research
studies): This normally starts with Desk
Research for e.g., Literature Review.
Experience Survey. Individual Depth
Interview (IDI), Delphi Technique etc.
This will generate Insights to the
Researcher
Sometimes Questionnaire (Open-ended)
may have to prepare for Experience Survey.
Overall this process should be Flexible and it
is Secondary Research
RESEARCH DESIGN
In the final stage there are TWO Types of
Research may be done.
1. Descriptive and Diagnostic Research &
2. Experimental or Causal Research

These two are fundamental and primary

research.
In these researches data are to be collected
from the definitive source, called Population or
Universe
When population is large in quantity then we
have to select a portion of the same
population, called Sample.
DESCRIPTIVE & DIAGNOSTIC RESEARCH
Descriptive Research tells about the
characteristics and any act of an individual
or particular community.
We can symbolize this research pattern by
finding the answers through What, Where,
When, How etc.
Whereas Diagnostic Research tries to
find out the frequency with which the action
occurs. Significantly the question asked
Why this action? How many times? Why this
particular choice etc.
DESCRIPTIVE & DIAGNOSTIC RESEARCH
This Research is more rigid than
Exploratory Research. Samples selection
normally done through Probability Sampling
method preferably randomly selected
process.
Data Collection method should be well
defined and pre-decided. If Questionnaire
method has to be adopted Questionnaire
should be prepared according to the need
of data required and according to the
characteristics of the Sample. Sample Unit
and Sample size pre-decided.
Experimental Or Causal Research
This research has been developed by Prof. R. A.
Fisher.
Here researchers try to find out cause &
effect relationship between the variables.
Researchers used to experiment between
Test and Control group of the variables.
Variables may be Dependant.Independent
and Extraneous.
For example: Wheat. Fertilizer and Climate
respectively.
There should have at least one Control group
other than Test Group.
Experimental Or Causal Research
There are different Experimentation process. [As
it is very technical one has to study in detail]
Informal Experimental Design:
a) Before and after without control group
b) After only with control group
c) Before and after with with control group
Formal Experimental Design:
a) Completely Randomized design
b) Randomized Blocked design
c) Latin Square design
d) Factorial design
SAMPLING DESIGN
 SAMPLING
In the primary research process to gather data
or information to bring out the answers of the
identified problems are to be collected from
the definitive source, called Population or
Universe
When population is large in quantity then we
have to select a portion of the same population,
called Sample.
The selected sample should be the smaller part
of the identified target population where from
we can get the answers of the identified
problems.
 SAMPLING
During se;ection of Sample from the total
Universe or Population Researcher must
pay attenyion to:
a) Type of Universe.
b) Sampling Unit
c) Size of Sample
d) Sampling Procedure
e) Location or area of Samples availability
 SAMPLING
Simple Sampling designs are of TWO types:
a) Non Probability Sampling &
b) Probability Sampling
Normally in case of qualitative research we
use this type of sample
Non-Probability Sampling is that kind of
sampling where researchers personal
decision, choice, understanding, convenience
and even bias can play a vital role. There is
no chance of random selection process
occur.
 SAMPLING
Types of Non-Probability Sampling:
1. Purposive Samples
2. Judgmental Samples
3. Convenience Samples
4. Quota Samples
Types of Probability Sampling:
Random Sampling
Stratified Random Sampling
Cluster Sampling
Area Sampling
Multi-Stage Sampling