Reactions catalyzed

by glutamate
synthase.

NADPH + H+ + glutamine + -ketoglutarate

2 glutamate + NADP+
Syntheses of alanine, aspartate, glutamate, asparagine, and glutamine.
These reactions involve the transaminations of (1) pyruvate,
(2) oxaloacetate, and (3) -ketoglutarate, and the amidations of
(4) aspartate and (5) glutamate.
 The biosynthesis of the glutamate
family of amino acids: arginine,
ornithine, and proline. The enzymes
catalyzing proline biosynthesis are
(1) -glutamyl kinase, (2)
dehydrogenase, (3) nonenzymatic,
and (4) pyrroline-5-carboxylate
reductase. The enzymes catalyzing
ornithine biosynthesis are (5) N-
acetylglutamate synthase,
(6) acetylglutamate kinase, (7) N-
acetyl--glutamyl phosphate
reductase, (8) N-acetylornithine--
aminotransferase, and
(9) acetylornithine deacetylase. An
alternate pathway to ornithine is
through Reaction 10, catalyzed by
ornithine--aminotransferase.

Ornithine
The conversion of 3-phosphoglycerate to serine.

3-phosphoglycerate
dehydrogenase

Serine, Cysteine, and Glycine Are

Derived from 3-Phosphoglycerate

aminotransferase

phosphoserine
phosphatase
The conversion of 3-
phosphoglycerate to
serine.
The pathway enzymes are
(1) 3-phosphoglycerate
dehydrogenase,
(2) a PLP-dependent
aminotransferase,
and (3) phosphoserine
phosphatase.

Cysteine biosynthesis. The synthesis of cysteine from serine

in plants and microorganisms.
The 8-electron reduction of sulfate to
sulfide in E. coli.
 aspartokinase
threonine synthase
(PLP enzyme)

-aspartate semialdehyde dehydrogenase

homoserine
kinase

dihydrodipicolinate homoserine
synthase dehydrogenase

homoserine
acyltransferase

Dihydrodipic-
olinate
reductase
 N-succinyl-2-amino-6-ketopimelate synthase cystathionine
-synthase

succinyl-diaminopimelate
aminotransferase

cystathionine -
lyase
succinyldiaminopimelate
desuccinylase

methionine
synthase
diaminopimelate Diaminopimelate
decarboxylase
epimerase

The biosynthesis of the aspartate family of amino acids: lysine,

methionine, and threonine.
The biosynthesis of the pyruvate
family of amino acids:
isoleucine, leucine, and valine.
(1) acetolactate synthase (a TPP
enzyme), (2) acetolactate mutase,
(3) reductase
 (4) dihydroxy acid
dehydratase
(5) valine
aminotransferase

(6) -isopropylmalate synthase, (7) isopropylmalate dehydratase (8) isopropylmalate

dehydrogenase (9) leucine aminotransferase (10) threonine deaminase (serine dehydratase).
 The biosynthesis of
chorismate, the
aromatic amino acid
precursor.
(1) 2-keto-3-deoxy-D-
arabinoheptulosonate-
7-phosphate synthase,
(2) dehydroquinate
synthase (an NAD-
requiring reaction that
yields an unchanged
NAD product

(3) 5-dehydroquinate dehydratase,

(4) shikimate dehydrogenase,
(5) shikimate kinase,
(6) 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate
synthase, and (7) chorismate synthase.
 anthranilate synthase indole-3-glycerol phosphate
synthase

anthranilate
phosphoribosyltransferase

Tryptophan synthase,
subunit Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

tryptophan
synthase,
N-(5-hosphoribosyl) anthranilate isomerase subunit
chorismate mutase

prephenate dehydratase
prephenate dehydrogenase

aminotransferase
The biosynthesis of histidine. (1) ATP phosphoribosyltransferase,
(2) pyrophosphohydrolase, (3) phosphoribosylAMP cyclohydrolase
(4) phosphoribosylformimino-5-aminoimidazole carboxamide
ribonucleotide isomerase, (5) imidazole glycerol phosphate
synthase (a glutamine amidotransferase)
(6) imidazole glycerol phosphate dehydratase, (7) L-histidinol phosphate
aminotransferase, (8) histidinol phosphate phosphatase, and (9) histidinol
dehydrogenase.