Thought for the day

Some minds are like concrete, thoroughly mixed and permanently set. -
Anonymous
 Cement vs. Lime
Cement
0 A powdery substance made
by calcining lime and clay,
mixed with water to form
mortar or mixed with sand,
gravel, and water to make
concrete.
Lime
0 A white caustic alkaline
substance consisting of
calcium oxide, which is
obtained by heating
limestone and which
combines with water with
the production of much
heat.
The Lime Cycle
>900
CaCO3 CaO + CO2

CaO + H2 O Ca(OH)2

Ca(OH)2 + CO2 CaCO3 + H2 O

 Applications of Lime
As limestone: As quicklime:
raw material for the manufacture of in the iron and steel industry for removing
quicklime sulfur and phosphorus
as cut and hewn stone for the treatment of effluent
as rubble for roads or railway track in the chemical industry for the manufacture of
as an additive for mortar or concrete calcium compounds (calcium carbide,
calcium cyanamide) and as a cheap base
as a filler in the metallurgical industry as a
sintering aid for fine ore pellets, as a slag- as a fertilizer
former, as a desulfurization agent in the sugar industry for the removal of
in the chemical industry in the oxalic and citric acids from cane juice
manufacture of sodium carbonate and in the construction industry
fertilizers
 Cement
A cement is a binder, a substance used in construction that sets and hardens
and can bind other materials together. The most important types
of cement are used as a component in the production of mortar in masonry,
and of concrete, which is a combination of cement and an aggregate to form a
strong building material.

Two kinds of Cement:

1. Hydraulic can be used in underwater
2. Non hydraulic
 Hydraulic Cement: Dry Method
What is often called Portland cement requires one or more forms of mixed calciumaluminum oxides.
The steps in its manufacture can be broken down as follows, in what is called the dry method:
1. Quarrying and crushing. This is usually a mixture of limestone (CaCO3) and clay that is brought down to
particle size of 67 cm.
2. The addition of fly ash (SiO2 and CaO) and iron ore to the mix.
3. Processing through an almost horizontal kiln, which reaches final temperatures of approximately 1500
C. This drives off gaseous material and forms what is called clinker, pieces that are roughly 2 cm in
diameter.
4. Cooling of the clinker.
5. Grinding, and the addition of limestone and gypsum(CaSO4 2H2O).
 Non-hydraulic Cement
The driving force for the formation of cement in a nonhydraulic mixture is the
reaction of the material with carbon dioxide. The reaction chemistry for this,
in the simplified form, is shown below:
850
CaCO3 CaO + CO2
CaO + H2 OCa(OH)2
CO2 g + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + H2 O
1. Calcium oxide must be made, as it is not mined. Calcium carbonate has to be heated to
approximately 850 C to form the calcium oxide.
2. the addition of water to the calcium oxide forms what is still often called the slaked lime
3. The atmospheric carbon dioxide is required to provide a driving force whereby the slaked lime
hardens as calcium carbonate
Thank you!