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EXAMPLE
Green Grasss plant manager just received marketings latest
forecasts of fertilizer spreader sales for the next year. She
wants its production line to be designed to make 2,400
spreaders per week. The plant will operate 40 hours per week.
SOLUTION
The figure shows the complete diagram. We begin with work
element A, which has no immediate predecessors. Next, we add
elements B and C, for which element A is the only immediate
predecessor. After entering time standards and arrows showing
precedence, we add elements D and E,
and so on. The diagram simplifies D
interpretation. Work element F, H
40
for example, can be done B
20
anywhere on the line after 30 E
element C is completed. 6
A
However, element I must F
await completion of 40 C
25
elements F and G. 50
I
18
G
Precedence Diagram for
Assembling the Big Broadcaster 15
t 244
Efficiency = nc (100) = = 81.3%
5(60)
A None
40
B A
80
C D, E, F
30
D B
25
E B
20
F B
15
G A
120
H G
Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall. 145 75
Solved Problem 2
SOLUTION
a. Substituting in the cycle-time formula, we get
1 8 hours
c = r = 192 units (3,600 sec/hr) = 150 sec/unit
t 720 sec/unit
TM = c = = 4.8 or 5 stations
150 sec/unit-station
145 130
t 720 sec/unit
Efficiency (%) = nc (100) = 5(150 sec/unit)
= 96%
immediate Immediate
Work Element Time (sec)
predecessors for the Predecessor
work elements are A 12
as follows: B 60 A
C 36
D 24
E 38 C, D
F 72 B, E
G 14
H 72
I 35 G, H
J 60 I
K 12 F, J
Total = 435
K 12 F, J
Total = 43
5
H
If the desired output rate is 30 units per hour, what are the cycle
time and theoretical minimum?
1 1
c= r = (3600) = 120 sec/unit
30
t 435
TM = c = = 3.6 or 4 stations
120
t 435
Efficiency (%) = nc (100) = 480 (100) = 90.6%
Work
Elements Idle Time
Station Assigned Cumulative Time (c = 120)
1
2
3
4
5
Work
Elements Idle Time
Station Assigned Cumulative Time (c = 120)
1 H, C, A 120 0
2 B, D, G 98 22
3 E, F 110 10
4 I, J, K 107 13
5 A fifth station is not needed
7 17
Lecture today
7 18
Inventory Management
7 19
Inventory Basics
7 20
Inventory Costs
Cost of capital
Obsolescence
Storage
Insurance
Taxes
Security
Theft
Damage
Locating
Measurement
Management & Labor
7 21
Why hold Inventory?
7 22
Inventory at WAL-MART
7 23
7 24
Macro Inventory Decisions
7 25
Micro Inventory Decisions
7 26
Relevant Costs in an Inventory System
Procurement costs
Ordering cost (administrative, inspection,
transportation etc.)
Holding costs
Maintenance and Handling
Taxes
Obsolescence
Stock-outs costs
Lost sales (Customer goodwill)
Backorders
7 27
Relevant information to any inventory
decision
7 28
Frequently used inventory terms
7 29
Knowing which Items are Critical
7 30
ABC Analysis
100 Class C
Class B
90
Percentage of dollar value 80 Class A
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Percentage of items
7 31
Economic Order Quantity (EOQ)
7 32
7 33
7 34
Cycle-Inventory Levels
Average
Q cycle
2 inventory
1 cycle
Time
7 35
Total Annual Cycle-Inventory Costs
Q D
Total cost = (H) + ( S)
2 Q
Q
Holding cost = ( H)
2
D
Ordering cost = ( S)
Q
7 37
Costing out a Lot Sizing Policy
Q D 390 936
C= (H) + (S) = (15) + (45)
2 Q 2 390
7 38
Lot Sizing at the Museum
of Natural History Gift Shop
Current
cost
3000
Total cost
Annual cost (dollars)
2000
Holding cost
1000
Bird Feeders:
D = annual demand
2DS
EOQ = S = ordering or setup costs per lot
H
H = holding costs per unit
D = 936 units
2(936)45 = 74.94 or 75 units
H = $15 EOQ =
15
S = $45
Q D 75 936
C= (H) + (S) C= (15) + (45)
2 Q 2 75
C = $1,124.10
7 40
Time Between Orders
7 42
In Class Example
7 43
In Class Example (continued)
7 44
In Class Example
continued
7 45
Understanding the Effect of Changes
7 46