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Dr. R. A. Wysk
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Chapter 6. PROCESS ENGINEERING
Process planning is also called: manufacturing planning, process
planning, material processing, process engineering, and machine
routing.
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PRODUCT REALIZATION
Product design
Process,
machine
Process planning knowledge
Operation programming
Verification
Scheduling Scheduling
knowledge
Execution
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PROCESS PLANNING
Design Machine
Tool
Process
Planning
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PROBLEMS FACING
MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY
Fact:
Only 11% of the machine tools in the U.S. are programmable.
More than 53% of the metal-working plants in the U.S. do not have
even one computer-controlled machine.
Some problems:
Cannot justify the cost
Lack of expertise in using such machines
Too small a batch size to offset the planning and programming costs
Source: Kelley, M.R. and Brooks, H., The State of Computerized Automation in US Manufacturing, J.F.
Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, October 1988.
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DOMAIN
Mass production
Objective: Cost
Approaches: process design, optimization,
materials selection, facilities
design
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How do we process engineer?
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How can we make it?
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What methods were used?
Machining methods
Pressworking
Welding/fabrication
Casting
Powder materials
Layered deposition
Others
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Welding/fabrication:
Additive techniques
Final Product
Weld Weld
Initial Add-on Add-on
Stock
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Machining Methods:
Subtractive techniques
Final Product
Initial Slotting Drilling
Stock
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Casting:
Form Methods
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ENGINEERING DESIGN MODELING
2" +0.01
-0.01 0.001 A B
10" +0.01
-0.01
4" +0.01
-0.01
7" +0.05
-0.05
3" +0.01
-0.01 B
1'-4" +0.01
-0.01 5" +0.01
-0.01
U*
S.F. 64 u inch
Fa c e
Lo o p - *
Ed g e
V e rt e x
CSG MODEL
B-REP MODEL
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INTERACTION OF
PLANNING FUNCTIONS
SETUP PLANNING
GEOMETRIC REASONING feature relationship
global & local geometry approach directions
process constraints
PROCESS SELECTION fixture constraints
process capability
process cost FIXTURE PLANNING
fixture element function
locating, supporting, and
CUTTER SELECTION clamping surfaces
available tools stability
tool dimension and geometry
geometric constraints
CUTTER PATH GENERATION
MACHINE TOOL SELECTION feature merging and split
machine availability, cost path optimization
machine capability obstacle and interference
avoidance
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PROCESS PLAN
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EXAMPLE PROCESS PLANS
Route Sheet by: T.C. Chang
10 Mill bottom surfac e1 MILL01 see atta ch#1 Fac e mill 3 setup
for illustration 6 te eth/4" dia 5 machining
20 Mill top surface MILL01 see atta ch#1 Fac e mill 2 setup
6 te eth/4" dia 6 machining
30 Drill 4 holes DRL02 set on surface 1 twist drill 2 setup
1/2" dia 3 machining
2" long
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FACTORS AFFECTING PROCESS
PLAN SELECTION
Shape
Tolerance
Surface finish
Size
Material type
Quantity
Value of the product
Urgency
Manufacturing system itself
etc.
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PROCESS PLANNING CLASSIFICATION
MANUAL
COMPUTER-AIDED
VARIANT
GT based
Computer aids for editing
Parameters selection
GENERATIVE
Some kind of decision logic
Decision tree/table
Artificial Intelligence
Objective-Oriented
Still experience based
AUTOMATIC
Design understanding
Geometric reasoning capability
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REQUIREMENTS IN
MANUAL PROCESS PLANNING
ability to interpret an engineering drawing.
familiar with manufacturing processes and
practice.
familiar with tooling and fixtures.
know what resources are available in the shop.
know how to use reference books, such as
machinability data handbook.
able to do computations on machining time and
cost.
familiar with the raw materials.
know the relative costs of processes, tooling, and
raw materials.
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INDUSTRIAL SOLUTION
.
2 " +0 .01
-0 .0 1 0 .0 01 A B
1 0 " +0 .01
-0 .0 1
Ha n d b o o k
A
4 " +0 .01
-0 .0 1
7 " +0 .05
-0 .0 5
3 " +0 .01
-0 .0 1 B
1 ' -4" +0 .01
-0 .0 1 5 " +0 .01
-0 .0 1
S.F. 6 4 u in ch
CUTTER
CAM PATH
HUMAN - decision making
COMPUTER - geometric computation, data handling
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PROCESS PLANNING STEPS
Study the overall shape of the part. Use this
information to classify the part and determine the type
of workstation needed.
Thoroughly study the drawing. Try to identify every
manufacturing features and notes.
If raw stock is not given, determine the best raw
material shape to use.
Identify datum surfaces. Use information on datum
surfaces to determine the setups.
Select machines for each setup.
For each setup determine the rough sequence of
operations necessary to create all the features.
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PROCESS PLANNING STEPS
(continue)
Sequence the operations determined in the
previous step.
Select tools for each operation. Try to use the same
tool for several operations if it is possible. Keep in
mind the trade off on tool change time and
estimated machining time.
Select or design fixtures for each setup.
Evaluate the plan generate thus far and make
necessary modifications.
Select cutting parameters for each operation.
Prepare the final process plan document.
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COMPUTER-AIDED
PROCESS PLANNING
ADVANTAGES
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WHY AUTOMATED
PROCESS PLANNING
Shortening the lead-time
Manufacturability feedback
Lowering the production cost
Consistent process plans
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PROCESS PLANNING
Workpiece Selection
Process Selection
Tool Selection
Feed, Speed Selection
Operation Sequencing
Setup Planning
Fixturing Planning
Part Programming
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VARIANT PROCESS PLANNING
finished process
process plan
plan editing
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ADVANTAGES OF THE
VARIANT APPROACH
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GENERATIVE APPROACH
A system which automatically synthesizes a
process plan for a new component.
MAJOR COMPONENTS:
(i) part description
(ii) manufacturing databases
(iii) decision making logic and
algorithms
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ADVANTAGES OF THE
GENERATIVE APPROACH
1. Generate consistent process plans rapidly;
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KEY DEVELOPMENTS
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PRODUCT REPRESENTATION
Geometrical information
Part shape
Design features
Technological information
Tolerances
Surface quality (surface finish, surface integrity)
Special manufacturing notes
Etc.
"Feature information"
Manufacturing features
e.g. slots, holes, pockets, etc.
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INPUT REPRESENTATION SELECTION
How much information is needed?
Data format required.
Ease of use for the planning.
Interface with other functions, such as, part
programming, design, etc.
Easy recognition of manufacturing features.
Easy extraction of planning information from the
representation.
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WHAT INPUT REPRESENTATIONS
GT CODE
Line drawing
Special language
Symbolic representation
Solid model
CSG
B-Rep
others?
Feature based model
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SPECIAL LANGUAGE
1.2
1 +.001
-.001
K5 10 CYLINDER/3,1/
11 DFIT/K,5/
3 2.5 12 CHAMFER/.2,2.6/
20 CYLINDER/2.5,1.2/
21 LTOL/+0.001,-0.001/
.2x2. 6
AUTAP
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CIMS/PRO REPRESENTATION
a2 a3
a4
a1
t
a5
sweep
direction
Y a6 Z
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GARI REPRESENTATION
0 1.
0 3.0
F2
.5
2
F1
F3
3.0 Y
X
(F1 (type face) (direction xp) (quality 120))
(F2 (type face) (direction yp) (quality 64))
(F3 (type face) (direction ym) (quality rough))
(H1 (type countersunk-hole) (diameter 1.0)
(countersik-diameter 3.0)
(starting-from F2) (opening-into F3))
(distance H1 F1 3.0)
(countersink-depth F2 H1 0.5)
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CONCEPT OF FEATURE
Manufacturing is "feature" based.
Feature:
1 a: the structure, form, or appearance esp. of a
person
b: obs: physical beauty.
2 a: the makeup or appearance of the face or its
parts
b: a part of the face: LINEAMENT
3: a prominent part or characteristic
4: a special attraction
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MANUFACTURING FEATURES
Turning Rotational
feature
End milling Plane surface,
Hole, profile, slot
pocket
Ball end mill Free form
End mill a slot surface
Boring Cylindrical shell
Reaming Cylindrical shell
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MANUFACTURING FEATURES (cont.)
?
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DATA ASSOCIATED WITH
DESIGN FEATURES
Mechanical Engineering Part Design
Feature Type
Dimension
Location
Tolerance A Slot
Surface finish
Function
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DATA ASSOCIATED WITH
MANUFACTURING FEATURES
Feature type
Approach
Dimension
Location
Approach
Tolerance
Surface finish
Relations with other features
Approach directions
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FEATURE RECOGNITION
Extract and decompose features from a geometric
model.
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DIFFICULTIES OF FEATURE
RECOGNITION
Potentially large number of features.
Features are domain and user specific.
Lack of a theory in features.
Input geometric model specific. Based on
incomplete models.
Computational complexity of the algorithms.
Existing algorithms are limited to simple
features.
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DESIGN WITH MANUFACTURING
FEATURES
Make the design process a simulation of the
manufacturing process. Features are tool swept
volumes and operators are manufacturing
processes.
Design Bar stock - Profile - Bore hole
Process Planning
Turn profile Drill hole
Bore hole
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PROS AND CONS OF DESIGN WITH
MANUFACTURING FEATURES
Pros
Concurrent engineering - designers are forced
to think about manufacturing process.
Simplify (eliminate) process planning.
Cons
Hinder the creative thinking of designers.
Use the wrong talent (designer doing process
planning).
Interaction of features affects processes.
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BACKWARD PLANNING
.
B o rin g M a c h in in g o p e r a t io n
Drillin g
Fi n is h e d P la n n in g
p a rt
Mi l l i n g
Wo rk p ie c e
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PROCESS KNOWLEDGE
REPRESENTATION
Predicate logic
Production rules
Semantic Nets
Frames
Object Oriented Programming
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SOME RESEARCH ISSUES
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SOME RESEARCH ISSUES
(continue)
Fixture design: fixture element model, fixturing
knowledge modeling, stability analysis,
friction/cutting force
Tool path planning: algorithms for features,
gauging and interference avoidance algorithms,
automated path generation
Software engineering issues: data structure, data
base, knowledge base, planning algorithms, user
interface, software interface
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A FEATURE BASED DESIGN/
PROCESS PLANNING SYSTEM
Manufacturing-Oriented Design Features
hole, straight slot, T-slot, circular slot, pocket
counterbore, sculptured surface cavity
Geometric Reasoning
Principle:
Provide designer with the freedom to describe shape -
avoid constraining manufacturing planning
or requiring detailed manufacturing knowledge.
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SOME AUTOMATED PROCESS PLANNING EFFORTS
Feature in Design Features in Process Planning
U. Mass, Dixon: Features-based design for NIST : Automated process planning
manufacturing analysis of extrusions, CAM-I, UTRC: XPS-2, generative process
castings, injection molding planning
ASU, Shah: Theory of features study for U of Maryland, Nau: Semi-generative process
CAM-I; Feature-mapping shell planning
Stanford,Cutkosky: feature-based design, GE R & D, Hines: Art to Part
process planning, fixturing systems.
Penn State, Wysk (Texas A&M): graph based
Helsinki, Mantyla: systems for design & process planning
process planning.
Stanford, Cutkosky: FirstCut, integrated design
IBM, Rossignac:Editing & validation of and manufacturing system based on
feature models; MAMOUR system. features.
SDRC, Chung, GE, Simmons: Feature-based CMI & CMU: IMW, feature based design,
design and casting analysis. expert operation planning.
U. of Twente, Holland, Kals: PARTS , feature
based input, feature recognition, operation
QTC is one of the only efforts that planning.
considers design through inspection Allied Bendix, Hummel & Brooks: XCUT
and the only one that uses deep system for cavity operation planning.
geometric reasoning to link design IPK Berlin & IPK Aachen
and process planning. UMIST, B.J. Davies
U. of Leeds, de Pennington
U. of Tokyo, Kimura
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SOME APPROACHES
CAM
CAD P rocess P lanner
drawing interpretation
2-D
variant type plan generation NC cont rol
Drafting
interactive part programming
feature refinement
Feature based limited geometric reasoning canned/auto. cutt er
solid model generative planning path cycle
seq may dictated by des ign
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THE DEVELOPMENT OF CAPP
Intelligence of
the system
Human
Expert
? technology
elementary
machine
learning
geometric
reasoning
GT expert
variant system
Data system
base
manual
planning
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 ?
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