Rizal and the

Katipunan
 The Katipunan
Founded by Andres Bonifacio the
night Rizal was thrown to
Dapitan

Founded on a radical platform: to

secure Philippine independence
by force of arms
 The Founding of the Katipunan
July 7, 1892 Andres Bonifacio,
Valentin Diaz, Teodoro Plata,
Ladislao Diwa, Deodato Arellano
and a few others met up at a
house on Azcarraga (Claro M.
Recto Avenue), near Elcano Street,
Tondo to organize a secret society
named Kataastaasan Kagalang-
galangang na Katipunan nang
manga Anak nang Bayan.
 An agreement was sealed through
the ancient blood compact the
members signed their own blood.
Recruitment of more members was
necessary, and the agreed-upon
manner was the triangle method
an original member must enlist
two new members who did not
know each other.
 Another requirement was an
entrance fee of one real fuerte
(twenty five centavos) and a
monthly due of a medio real
(about twelve centavos).
 Objectives of the Katipunan
Political separation of the
Philippines from Spain
Moral - teaching of good manners,
hygiene, good morals, and attacking
of obscurantism, religious fanaticism,
and weakness of character
Civic principle of self-help, and
the defense (and assistance) of the
poor and the oppressed
 Structure of the Katipunan
Influenced by the Masonry in
terms of initiation
Influenced by Rizals La Liga
Filipina in terms of organization
(*Bonifacio was a Mason,
affiliated with the lodge Taliba,
and also a member of the Liga,
along with Plata and Diwa.)
Three Governing Bodies:
Kataastaasang Sanggunian (Supreme
Council) its highest governing
body composed of a president, a
fiscal, a secretary, a treasurer, and
a comptroller or interventor
Sangguniang Bayan (Provincial
Council) represented the
province. Had a council similar to
that of the Supreme Council.
Sangguniang Balangay (Popular
Council) represented the
municipality or town. Had a
council similar to that of the
Supreme Council.
Katipunan Assembly composed of the
Supreme Council and the presidents of
the Provincial Council and the
Popular Council
Sangguniang Hukuman (Judicial
Council) court of justice: passed
judgment on an errant member, and
settled the differences of warring
members
Secret Chamber composed of Bonifacio,
Jacinto and Valenzuela; ordered the
expulsion of a violator of the secrets of
the association
Bonifacio got rid of the triangle
method in October 1892 because
of its inefficiency in recruiting
members. Instead, all members
were called upon to invite as
many members as they could. The
new way worked the
membership reached more than
100.
 First Supreme Council

President or Supremo Deodato Arellano

Interventor or Andres Bonifacio
Comptroller
Fiscal Ladislao Diwa
Secretary Teodoro Plata
Treasure Valentin Diaz
 Second Supreme Council*

President or Supremo Roman Basa

Fiscal Andres Bonifacio
Secretary Jose Turiano Santiago
Treasure Vicente Molina
Councillors Briccio Pantas
Restituto Javier
Teodoro Plata
Teodoro Gonzales
Ladislao Diwa
*Deodato Arellano was removed
from office by Bonifacio because
the latter was unsatisfied with the
formers performance. The officers
of the second Supreme Council
were elected in a meeting in
February 1893.
 Third Supreme Council*

President or Supremo Andres Bonifacio

Fiscal Emilio Jacinto
Secretary Jose Turiano Santiago
Treasure Vicente Molina
Physician Pio Valenzuela
Pantaleon Torres
Councilors Aguedo del Rosario
Doroteo Trinidad
*Early 1895, another change in
government occurred, for the same
reason. Bonifacio finally took
hold of the presidency.
 Fourth Supreme Council
(December 31, 1895)

President or Supremo Andres Bonifacio

Fiscal and Physician Pio Valenzuela
Secretary Emilio Jacinto
Treasure Vicente Molina
Councillors Enrique Pacheco
Pantaleon Torres
Balbino Florentino
Francisco Carreon
Hermenegildo Reyes
 Last Supreme Council
(August 1896, before the discovery*)

Supremo Andres Bonifacio

Secretary of State Emilio Jacinto
Secretary of War Teodoro Plata
Secretary of Justice Briccio Plantas
Secretary of Interior Aguedo del Rosario
Secretary of FInance Enrique Pacheco
*Probably in anticipation of the
bloody revolution, Bonifacio
organized the Katipunan into a
government revolving around a
cabinet composed of men of his
confidence.
 Kinds of Membership
First grade: Katipon wore a
black hood during meetings;
password was Anak ng Bayan
Second Grade: Kawal wore a
green hood; password was Gom-
Bur-Za
Third Grade: Bayani wore a red
mask and sash with green borders;
password was Rizal.
 A countersign was adopted for easy
recognition among members.
A Katipon was promoted to Kawal
after recruiting several members,
and a Kawal was promoted
Bayani after being elected to an
office
 Katipunan Codes
Because of the precariousness of
their position, members employed
a coded language that will render
their letters indecipherable to
non-members. The code was
changed a number of times during
the course the movement.
 Two important figures in the
Katipunan were Andres Bonifacio
and Emilio Jacinto. The latter
created a primer to indoctrinate
members, entitled Kartilla (from
the word cartilla, referring to a
primer for grade school students).
The Kartilla consisted of 13
teachings.
Bonifacio, on the other hand, laid
down the rules to be followed
strictly by all members of the
society, written in his
Katungkulang Gawain ng mga Z.
Ll. B. (The Duties of the Sons of
the People)
 Bonifacio recognized that the
strength of the Katipunan lay in
numbers, so he opened the secret
society even to women. The
womens chapter was strictly
comprised of the wives, daughters,
and sisters of the male members.
 The womens chapter was responsible
for accepting new members (male or
female), and more importantly, to act
as a front for the clandestine meetings
of the Katipuneros. The officers were:
Josefa Rizal, president; Gregoria de
Jesus, vice-president; Marina Dizon,
secretary; and Angelica Rizal Lopez,
fiscal. De Jesus was the safekeeper of
many Katipunan documents.
 The Katipunan Newspaper
Two Visayan Katipuneros, Candido
Iban and Francisco del Castillo
bought the small printing press of
Bazar El Cisne for 400 pesos, with
their lotto earnings.
Pio Valenzuelas home was used in
the printing of the proposed organ of
the Katipunan. Valenzuela was aided
by Ulpiano Fernandez, a printer in
the printing plant of the El Comercio,
and Faustino Duque, a student of San
Juan de Letran.
 At Valenzuelas suggestion, the
newspaper was named Kalayaan.
Jacinto was the editor, but he
used the name Marcelo H. del
Pilar. Yokohama was indicated as
the place of printing. Two
thousand copies were printed, and
the paper came out in mid-
March.
 Included in the first issue was an
editorial by Jacinto, Valenzuelas
Catuiran? (Is it Right?), Jacintos
Manifesto, Bonifacios Pag-ibig sa
Tinubuang Lupa. They all used
pen names: Jacintos was Dimas-
Ilaw, Bonifacios was Agap-ito
Bagumbayan, and Valenzuelas
was Madlang-away.
The Kalayaan was secretly distributed in
Manila, Cavite, Morong, Kalookan,
Malabon, and other places.
The first issue was a success, but the
second issue (exclusively by Jacinto)
never came out. Duque and Fernandez,
alerted to a planned raid by the
authorities, destroyed the press and left
the area.
 Expansion of the Katipunan
The Kalayaan may have been short-
lived, but its influence was phenomenal.
After its release, membership in the
Katipunan had increased to around
30,000. At the end of March 1896,
hundreds swarmed the Katipunan
chapters in San Juan del Monte, San
Felipe Neri, Pasig, Pateros, Mariquina,
Kalookan, Malabon, and other places.
The Katipunan was extended to the
provinces of Bulakan, Batangas, Cavite,
Nueva Ecija, Pampanga, and Laguna.
 Rizal and the
Revolution
Rizal did not agree with the
revolution at least not until the
rebels are ready.
A revolution without sufficient arms
should not be started against an armed
nation.
Bonifacio - predictably - adhered to
the wisdom of Rizal's opinions.
 Cry of Pugadlawin
Bitter personal dispute between two
katipuneros, Teodoro Patio and
Apolonio dela Cruz.
Patio exposed the secrets of the
Katipunan to his sister who was a
nun, who in turn revealed it to a
Spanish priest, Father Mariano Gil.
The priest was led to the printing
press of Diario de Manila and found
a lithographic stone used to print the
secret society's receipts.
 The katipunan immediately called a
meeting first in Kangkong and second
in in the house of katipunero Juan
Ramos, son of Melchora Aquino, in
Pugadlawin in Balintawak.
Bonifacio, tore up his cedula and cried
Mabuhay ang Katagalugan!
The Revolution had begun.
First armed encounter - Pasong Tamo,
Caloocan
First battle of note - San Juan del
Monte, Manila.
 Governor-General Blanco decided
to place eight provinces under
martial law. These were Manila,
Bulacan, Cavite, Pampanga,
Tarlac, Laguna, Batangas, and
Nueva Ecija.
The eight rays of the sun in the
Filipino flag.
 Death of Rizal

Jose Rizal was living as a political

exile in Dapitan and had just
volunteered to serve as a doctor in
Cuba.
Instead of taking him to Barcelona
from where he would be sent to Cuba,
took him instead to the capital and
was imprisoned in Fortaleza (Fort)
Santiago.
 There he wrote his famous
valedictory poem and awaited his
execution which came on
December 30, 1896 after a
military trial.
 Cavite - Magdiwang at Magdalo
The province of Cavite - General Emilio
Aguinaldo, had a string of victories starting
with the Battle of Imus in 1 September 1896
with the aid of Jose Tagle.
The Magdiwang faction, led by Bonifacio's
uncle Mariano lvarez, recognized Bonifacio
as supreme leader, being the founder.
The Magdalo faction, led by Emilio's cousin
Baldomero Aguinaldo, agitated for him to be
the organization's head because of his
successes in the battlefield.
 The friction between the two
intensified when they refused to
cooperate and aid each other in
battle. As a result, the Spanish
army, now under the command of
Governor-General Camilo de
Polavieja, steadily gained ground.
 Tejeros Convention
Trying to unite the Magdalo and the
Magdiwang.
Magdalo invited Bonifacio, who was
fighting in Morong (now Rizal)
province, to come to Cavite, Aguinaldo's
home ground. Bonifacio reluctantly
obliged.
On December 31, an assembly was
convened in Imus to settle the
leadership issue once and for all.
 Magdalo - insisted on the
establishment of a pamahalaang
mapanghimagsik (revolutionary
government) to replace the
Katipunan and continue the
struggle.
Magdiwang - favored the
Katipunan's retention, arguing
that it was a government in itself.
The assembly dispersed without a
consensus.
 March 22, 1897, another meeting was
held in Tejeros for the election of
officers for the pamahalaang
mapanghimagsik. Bonifacio, again
reluctantly, chaired the election. This
convention ended in further conflict
and led to the Katipunan's demise.
Bonifacio, apparently confident that
he would be elected president, called
for the election results to be respected.
Bonifacio lost the race and the
leadership of the revolution to
Aguinaldo.
 Bonifacio was elected to a much
inferior position, director of the
interior.
Aguinaldo took his oath of office
as president the next day in Santa
Cruz de Malabon (now Tanza) in
Cavite, as did the rest of the
officers, except for Bonifacio.
 Death of Bonifacio
RIVAL GOVERNMENT
In Naic, Bonifacio and his officers
created the Naic Military
Agreement, establishing a rival
government to Aguinaldo's.
It rejected the election at Tejeros
and restored Bonifacio as the
"true" Supremo.
 Aguinaldo ordered the arrest of
Bonifacio and his men. Colonel
Agapito Benzon chanced upon
Bonifacio in Limbon. In the subsequent
battle, Bonifacio and his brother
Procopio were wounded, while their
brother Ciriaco was killed. They were
taken to Naic to stand trial.
The Consejo de Guerra (War Council)
sentenced Andres and Procopio
Bonifacio to death for sedition and
treason.
 Aguinaldo commuted the
punishment to deportation, but
withdrew his decision following
pressure from other officers.
On May 10, Colonel Lazaro
Makapagal, upon orders from ex-
Bonifacio supporter General
Mariano Noriel, executed the
Bonifacio brothers on Mt. Buntis.
Andrs Bonifacio and his brother
were buried in a shallow grave
marked only with twigs.