Network

&
Networking Devices
Network & Networking Devices
 What is network?

Group of networking devices like- computer (P.C), hub, switch,

router, etc. when they are connected together that is network.
 Types Of Network

LAN - Local Area Network

A small geographical area, such as a college or office building.
WAN - Wide Area Network
Combination of multiple LAN.
WLAN - Wireless Local Area Network
Links two or more devices using some wireless distribution
method and usually providing a connection through an access point
to the wider internet.
 Local Area Network (LAN)

A LAN connects network

devices within a limited
geographical area such as office
buildings or schools.
The data transfer is managed by a
transport protocol such as TCP/IP.
The transmission of data is
performed by the access
method (Ethernet, Token Ring,
etc.).
 Wide Area Network (WAN)

A WAN covers a wide geographic area, carrying data over

long distances, such as a country

WANs can be formed by different LANs

The connection between different LANs may not be permanent

WANs are sophisticated networks, but transmission speeds have generally

been slower than those commonly achieved on LANs
 WLAN (Wireless LAN)

A wireless LAN or WLAN is a wireless local area network that

uses radio waves as its carrier

The last link with the users is wireless, to give a network

connection to all users in a building or campus

The backbone network usually uses cables

 WLAN

The wireless LAN connects to a wired LAN

There is a need of an access point that bridges wireless LAN

traffic into the wired LAN

The access point (AP) can also act as a repeater for wireless
nodes, effectively doubling the maximum possible distance
between nodes
LAN Cable Types

Three cable types are used in LANs:

Coaxial
Twisted pair
Fiber optic
Coaxial Cable
Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Cable
Fiber Optic Cable
 Straight Cable & Cross Cable

The following diagram shows the Normal use of Crossed and

Straight cables
 What is networking?

When all the connected devices can share the resources such as
Data to each other that is networking, like- in our company there
are 100 computers which are connected together and all 100
computer are able to communicate each other.
 Internet

The largest public computer network made up of more than

65 million computers in more than 100 countries
There are more than 20 million hosts on the Internet
(a host is a mainframe or medium to high-end server that is always
online via TCP/IP).
Small Internet Service Providers (ISPs) are connected to regional ISPs,
which are connected to the major backbones covering Metropolitan
areas.
Today, the Internet has become commercialized into a world- wide
information highway, providing information on every known subject.
 Intranet

An intranet is a computer network that uses Internet Protocol

technology to share information, operational systems, or
computing services within an organization

Organizations internal network, not for public use like

Internet
 Extranet

A Web site for a dedicated audience (e.g. customers) rather than the
general public. It can provide access to research, current inventories and
internal databases - virtually any type of information that is private and
not published for everyone.
An extranet uses the public Internet as its transmission system, but
requires passwords to gain entrance.
The "Access Method" determines how network devices access the
network cable.
Transfers data to and from the connected user's PC on the network.
 Types Of Networking Devices

Networking devices are categorized in layers

Network layer - Router, L3 Switch

Data-link layer - Switch

Physical layer - Hub/repeater

NIC (Network Interface Card)

 Hub

A Hub is a central connecting device in a star topology LAN

configuration.
Passive hubs are just connecting devices that add nothing to the data
passing through them.
Active hubs, also called "multiport repeaters", regenerate the data bits
in order to maintain a strong signal.
Share the available bandwidth.
Forward all traffic to all hosts and is therefore inefficient.
Switch

It is a networking devices use to connect P.C. it is an

advance of HUB, because it regenerate the data to
destination It works on Hardware address(MAC
Address) it contain MAC address on his memory when
data passes from switch it look MAC address for Source
and Destination and then forward. It works on Data Link
Layer.
 Router

Router, it is a network device its main function is

Packet Filtering
Path Selection
Packet forwarding
Router join minimum two network together that can say WAN. It
works on logical address (IP address),
 NIC (Network Interface Card)

A Network Interface Card (NIC) is a circuit board that plugs into both
clients and servers and controls the exchange of data between them.
A physical transmission medium, such as twisted pair or coaxial
cable, interconnects all network interface cards to network hubs or
switches.
Ethernet and Token Ring are common network interface cards.
Today's cards support 10BaseT and 100BaseT with automatic
recognition.
 Network Topologies

There are three main local area network (LAN) topologies:

Bus
Star
Ring

Other network topologies include:

Mesh
Wireless
 What is a server?

Server is a machine which provides services to the nodes or

computers in a network and those computers using services are
known as client machines.
For each any every service client have to request to the server.
 Servers

Computers or processes that manage network

resources
Disk drives (file servers)
Printers (print servers)
Network traffic (network servers)
Example: Database Server
A computer system that processes database queries
 Clients

Application that run on a computers

Rely on a server for
Files
Devices
Processing power
Example: E-mail client
An application that enables you to send and receive e-
mail
Types of Servers

Application Servers List Servers

Audio/Video Servers Mail Servers
Chat Servers News Servers
Fax Servers Proxy Servers
FTP Servers Telnet Servers
Groupware Servers Web Servers
IRC Servers Etc.
Server or Services

DNS is Domain name system/server/service but most

of the people say that DNS is a Domain name server, it
is a service and when anyone use the service from a
machine then the machine or system is known as DNS
server, because at that time that system is providing
service to the client machine.
Same as DHCP, FTP, Telnet, etc they all are services and
whenever we use the services from the particular
machine theyre known as the servers.
Server Room
Data Center
Main Frame
Blade server
 Types of address in a computer

Logical address.
:- IP address

Physical address.
:- MAC address
 What is an IP address?

Numerical label assigned to devices participating in network that

uses IP for communicating amongst themselves.
 Types Of IP address

IP V4
:- 32 bit IP address.

IP V6
:- 128 bit IP address.
 Classes of IP address.

A class :- 1 126

B class :- 128 191

C class :- 192 223

 Remaining range of IP address

D Class: 224 239

:- Used for multicasting.

E Class: 240-255
:- Used for Research and Development (R&D).

127.0.0.0 Loop back address

169.254.0.0 APIPA (Automated private IP Addressing)

Combination

There is a combination of
IP Address
Subnet mask
Default Gateway
Subnet mask

It shows the number of Network and hosts.

Say for
C class: IP Address: 192.168.10.23
Subnet mask: 255.255.255.0
Default gateway

Default gateway is the IP address of the machine or system,

through which youre able to use the Internet network.
To access the default gateway type the IP address of the
system in URL bar.
http://192.168.1.23
 To know your IP address

Cmd:
C:/ipconfig
Ipconfig /all
Difference

IPv4 IPv6
32 bit address 128 bit address
Dotted decimal notation, Hexadecimal Notation
192.168.1.2 3FEE:FAAA:0093:BD
Number of address: BD:AAC3:345C:03 AB:003E
4.2 billion Number of address 3.4x1038
 Port

A logical number allow software applications to share hardware

resources without interfering each other.
Example:
Port# 22 SSH
Port# 80 HTTP
Port# 443 HTTPS
Port# 21 FTP
 Programming Language

Artificial language designed to express computations that

can be performed by a machine, particularly a computer
Programming loopholes
The flaws in the programming which can be exploited.
Most of the attacks are nothing but loopholes of some kind
 Types of programming language

C
C++
Java
Asp
Psp
Perl
Python
Shell scripting
Thank you!!