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Flow Measurement
Objectives
After finish this lesson, you will be able to:
Define flow
Understand the categories of f/meter
Expressed the unit of flow
Able to select the right f/meter
Understand the principle, operation,
advantages & disadvantages of f/meter
Understand the f/meter troubleshooting &
maintenance
Variable area Vortex meter
Mass
flowmeter
Pitot tube
Flow nozzle
Introduction
ability to accurately measure & control flow is
essential to maintain the process & maximize
production & product quality
flow is most difficult process variables to
measure accurately-simplest method;
weight/time
key parameter for reading values & control
Categories
force that causes fluids to flow created by
change of pressure
Static pressure: pressure exerted by fluids at
the rest
Dynamic pressure: caused by movement of
fluids
Differential pressure: pressure difference
between 2 related pressure
Classification
Flowmeter can be classified to 4 types:
Volumetric Velocity
Inferential Mass
Volumetric
such as: positive-displacement meter
measure volume directly
Velocity
such as: magnetic, turbine, ultrasonic
meters
the total flow is determined by
multiplying the velocity by the area
through which the fluid flows
Inferential
such as: differential pressure, target &
variable area meter
the flow is inferred by some other
physical properties (e.g. DP) & then
experimentally correlated to flow
Mass
such as: coriolis mass flowmeter
these device measure mass directly (how
much liquid flowing through a tube)
Measurement
force causes fluids to flow created by
change/difference in pressure
flow can be defined as a volume of fluid
passing a given point per unit of time
A = cross sectional area
Q =A x V
V = average fluid velocity
mass flow can be defined as: Flow x density
Parameter Selection
Types of fluid
Flow Profile
Piping
Line size
Types of fluid
Laminar
Turbulence
Transitional
Laminar
Turbulence
Transitional
factor affect flow profile is called
Reynolds number
o Pipe diameter
o Velocity
o Density
o Viscosity
neglect the roughness of the pipe wall,
which may effect the velocity
distribution & applies to Newtonian fluid
Piping
Variances inside diameter upstream &
downstream affect f/meter performance
control valve located d/stream to avoid
disturbance
amount of pressure drop (P)
important consideration in meter
selection
example:
o DP device: P varies (low to moderate)
o Pitot tube: P low
o Elbow taps: no mentionable pressure loss
o Magnetic f/meter: no pressure loss
min no of u/stream & d/stream straight
pipe required - abnormal velocity profile
create substantial error
Line size
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Bernoulli
Principle
High speed flow of a fluid is associated with low
pressure and low-speed flow is associated with high
pressure
High speed = pressure low
Low speed = pressure high
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Differential Pressure Devices
most common type:
o orifice meter
o venturi tube
o flow nozzle
o Pitot tube
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o Velocity will vary directly with the
flow and as the flow increases a greater
pressure differential will occur across the
restriction.
o So by measuring the differential pressure
across a restriction, one can measure the rate
of flow.
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Advantages:
simple, low cost, no moving part, sturdy, wide
selection of range & models;
Disadvantages:
low accuracy, affect by wear of the primary element,
high pressure loss
impulse lines may require a more expensive solution
(venturi & flow nozzle)
Orifice Plate
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common value used in orifice plate
measurement is the beta ratio
ratio the inner diameter of orifice divide
inner diameter of pipe; best design &
accuracy: 0.5
the placement pressure taps is critical to
flow measurement. proper tap placement
provide correct differential pressure
measurement to accurately determine
f/rate
Operations o When the fluid reaches
the orifice plate, with the
hole in the middle, the
fluid is forced to converge
to go through the small
hole.
o The point of maximum
convergence actually
occurs shortly downstream
of the physical orifice, at
the so-called vena
contracta point.
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o As it does so, the velocity and the pressure changes.
o Beyond the vena contracta, the fluid expands and the
velocity and pressure change once again.
o By measuring the difference in fluid pressure between the
normal pipe section and at the vena contracta, the
volumetric and mass flow rates can be obtained from
Bernoulli's equation.
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most common taps
are flange taps &
vena contracta taps
Concentric bore
Eccentric bore
Segmental bore
Eccentric
Concentric
Segmental
type 316 SS is most common material used in orifice plate
unless material of higher quality is required of process
condition
Is used for ideal liquid as well as
gases and steam service
Simple-structured with high precision
Can be easily mounted and
dismounted. In strict conformance
with applicable standards, it is
precisely finished to have required
shape, size, surface roughness and
flatness.
For differential pressure
measurement, it is combined with
flange taps, vena contracta taps or
corner taps
The segmental portion of the orifice eliminates
damming of foreign materials on the upstream side
of the orifice when mounted in a horizontal pipe.
Depending on the type of fluid, the segmental
section is placed on either the top or bottom of the
horizontal pipe to increase the accuracy of the
measurement.
This is used for colloidal and slurry flow
measurement. For best accuracy, the tap location
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Use full for measuring containing solids, oil containing water and wet steam
For liquids containing solid particles that are liable to settle, or for vapors liable to
deposite water condensate,
Is installed with its eccentric bore bottom flush with the bore bottom of the piping,
so that the sedimentation of such inclusions is avoided.
Likewise, for gases or vapors, it may be installed with its eccentric bore top flush
with the bore top of the piping to avoid the stay of gas or vapor in its vicinity.
Flange taps or vena contracta taps are used with.
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Orifice plate advantages Orifice plate disadvantages
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the velocity of flow gradually increases as the
fluid passes through the inlet. The result
increases velocity & decrease in pressure
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pressure taps - measure DP in venturi & usually
positioned at one-half pipe diameter u/stream
inlet cone & middle of throat
wall & throat venturi are smooth, with no
sudden changes in contour to prevent solids
from becoming trapped
these design cause venturi better suited for
measurement dirty & slurries
processing containing solids difficult to
prevent pressure taps becoming plugged
minimize buildup, venturi is modified to an
eccentric configuration which bottom of
the throat is same horizontal plane as the
bottom of the connecting pipe
this modifications allow unobstructed
passage of solids through venturi
Eccentric Venturi Tube
Venturi advantages Venturi disadvantages
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low pressure is perpendicular to flow path &
measure the static head
high pressure tap inserted into the flow stream
& faces directly into flow path
by measuring DP created, f/rate can be
calculated
pitot tube causes a negligible pressure loss in
flowing stream, but it difficult to position
properly in the flow stream & subjected to
plugging in slurry application
Pitot advantages
easy & quick install
they can be inserted & removed from
process without shutting down
simple design & construction
produce energy saving compared equivalent
orifice
suited for measure large water pipes &
air/gas ducts
Turbine meter
in turbine, a rotor with a diameter almost
equal to the internal pipe is supported by
2 bearings to allow free rotation
a magnetic pick-up, mounted on the pipe,
detects the passing of the rotor blades,
generating a frequency output
each pulse represents the passage of a
calibrated amount of the fluid
Axial turbine flowmeter
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angular velocity is proportional the volumetric
f/rate
this device is easy to install & maintain, fast
response, compact, lightweight
not sensitive to changes in fluid density & it can
have pulse output signal to directly operate digital
meters
not available for steam measurement but some
design will handle steam measurement
Advantages Disadvantages
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Transducer
Sensor
Flow
Erosion
particulate, suspended solid/debris will
erode sensing devices
in orifice, sharp edge most affected
as material wears away, the DP between
high & low sides sensor will drop & the
flow reading will decrease
Over range