ORBIT

(ORBITA)

Dr.Yuliana, S.Ked, M.Biomed

 The orbit (eye socket) is:
- a pyramidal,
- bony cavity,
- in facial skeleton,
- base (orbital opening) anteriorly,
- apex: posteriorly;
Orbits contain and protect:
- Eyeballs and their muscles, nerves,
- Vessels, most of lacrimal apparatus.
 Four walls of orbits are:
a. superior wall /roof: approx. horizontal.
Formed by:
- orbital part of frontal bone (mainly), occupied
by lacrimal gland
- lesser wing of sphenoid.
b. medial walls, formed by: ethmoid, frontal,
lacrimal and sphenoid bones
 c. Lateral wall, formed by:
-frontal process of zygomatic bone,
-greater wing of sphenoid.
The strongest and thickest wall
Most vulnerable to blows and direct
trauma.
 d. Inferior wall/floor formed by:
-mainly by maxiila,
-partly by: zygomatic and palatine
bones.
* The apex of orbit is : at the optic canal
(foramen opticum), just medial to the
superior orbital fissure.
 The bones forming the orbit are lined with:
-periorbita (periosteum of the orbit),
which forms the fascial sheath of eye-
ball. The periorbita is continuous at the
optic canal and superior orbital fissure
with the periosteal layer of the dura
(duramater). The periorbita is also con-
tinuous over the orbital fissure with the
periosteum covering the external sur-
face of the cranium (pericranium).
 FRACTURE OF ORBIT
An anterior blow to the eye may fracture
of: - medial and and inferior walls of orbit.
Indirect traumatic injury that displaces the
orbital walls is a blowout fracture.
The medial wall fracture may involve:
-ethmoidal and sphenoidal sinuses.
The inferior wall may involve: maxillary
sinus. Superior wall is stronger than
the medial and inferior walls.
 EXOPHTHALMOS
Tumors in the orbit produce exophthalmos
-protrusion of the eyeballs.
The easiest entrance to the orbital cavity for a
tumor in the middle cranial fossa is through: the
superior orbital fissure.
Hyperthyroidism also may produce
exophthalmos, resulting from the increased
volume of the orbital contents, such as the
orbital musculature and fat.
 EYELIDS and LACRIMAL
APPARATUS
Eyelids/palpebrae: protect the cornea and
eyeball from injury (ex: dust , excessive
light). Also keep cornea moist by lacrimal
fluid.
Cilia/eyelashes are in the margin of
eyelids.
Great sebaceous glandsciliary glands.
Upper and lower eyelids meet at: canthi
(angle of the eye).
 Lateral to the caruncle is a semilunar
conjunctival fold = plica semilunaris.
Lacrimal punctum-a small pit.
Lacrimal papilla a small elevation.
A similar punctum and papilla are on the
upper eyelid.
The lacrimal apparatus consists:
a. Lacrimal glands.
b. Lacrimal ducts.
c. Lacrimal canaliculi
d. Nasolacrimal duct.
 In medial angle (corner) of the eye is a
relatively deep region: lacrimal lake,
within which is the lacrimal caruncle, a
small mound of moist, pink modified skin.
 LACRIMAL GLAND
Almond-shaped in superolateral part of each
orbit.
Secretion(TEARS): N. facialis (parasymphatetic)
Innervation
- Sympathetic (vasoconstriction)
- Parasympathetic (tears)
 ORBITAL CONTENTS
EYEBALL,
OPTIC NERVE,
OCULAR MUSCLES,
FASCIA,
NERVES,
VESSELS,
FAT,
LACRIMAL GLAND,
CONJUNCTIVAL SAC.
 3 LAYERS OF EYEBALL
1. Outer layer: sclera (5/6 post) and cornea
(1/6 anterior, nervus V1, opthalmic nerve)
2. Middle layer: -choroid,
-ciliary body,
-iris.
vascular or pigmented layer.
3. Inner layer:
a. Optic part,
b. Nonvisual part.
Humor
aqueous
 RETINA
1. Optic part: receives the visual rays, has
2 layers: neural and pigmented layers
Neural is light-receptive part,
Pigmented light-absorbing property
of choroid in reducing the scattering of
light in the eye.
2. Ciliary part
3. Iridial parts: anterior continuations of the
pigmented layer.
 FUNDUS and OPTIC DISC
Fundus: posterior part of the eye, is a
circular depressed area.
Optic disc: where the optic nerve enters
the eyeball. Insensitive to light, because:
a. Contains nerve fibers,
b. No photoreceptors.
Macula Lutea: yellow color, lateral to optic
disc, an area with special photoreceptor
cones for acuity of vision.
Fovea centralis: center of macula
 MUSCLES OF THE ORBIT
1. Levator palpebrae superioris,
2. Recti (sup, inferior, medial, and lateral),
3. Oblique ( superior and inferior).
Innervation:
N. VI Lateral rectus (RL6); N. IV Sup. Oblique
(OS4); N. III All others (AO3), include const.
pupillae and ciliary muscle (parasymphathetic
fibers); superior tarsal muscle helps the levator
in more elevating superior eyelid (symphathetic-
e.g.fright).
4 recti muscles arise from a fibrous cuff, common tendineous ring
 ARTERIES OF THE ORBIT
Ophthalmic artery (mainly);
Infraorbital artery;
Central retinal artery, a branch of ophth-
artery, inferior to the optic nerve. It runs
within dural sheath of this nerve until it
approaches the eyeball. This artery
pierces the optic nerve and runs within it to
emerge at at the optic disc.
 Branches of this artery spread over the
internal surface of the retina.

The terminal branches are end arteries.

Capillary lamina of choroid supplied:

nonvascular of retina, i.e. photoreceptor
cells of retina (rods and cones).
 VEINS OF ORBIT
1. Superior ophthalmic vein;
2. Inferior ophthalmic vein; through the
superior orbital fissure into cavernous sinus.
This vein also drains to pterygoid venous
plexus (esp. head erect).
3. Central retinal vein, enters the cavernous
sinus directly (usually);
4. Scleral venous sinus-anterior chamber
of eye through which the aqueous humor is
returned to blood circulation.