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Chapter 7
Section 2 Shielding
Radiation Shielding
Objectives
Understand
How radiation is emitted from a
source
The difference between fluence
and flux
How to calculate flux (& fluence) at
a known distance from a point
source
Calculate dose at a point in space
using a dose conversion factor
Nature of Radiation Emissions
When a radionuclide
decays, the radiation goes
out from the source in any
direction
This is called isotropic
emission
We measure the strength
of the radiations
(intensity) at some
distance from the source
Radiation Intensity
100 cm
Calculating Fluence and Flux,
continued
D
4 r 2
S0
4 r 2
= Fluence /cm2
= Flux /cm2s
D = total number of photons emitted
S0 = source strength (photons/s)
R = distance from source (1, 10, 100 cm)
Calculating Fluence and Flux,
continued
If source emits 4 photons/s, S0 = 4,
The (flux) is then calculated:
At 1 cm
= 4 /12.57cm2s
= 0.318 /cm2s
At 10 cm
= 4 /1257 cm s
2
= 3.18 x 10
-3 /cm2s
At 100 cm
=4 /125,664 cm2s
= 3.18 x 10-5 /cm2s
Calculating Fluence and Flux,
continued
S0
4 r 2
( x) shielded unshielded e x
So x
e
4 r 2
So x
( x) shielded e
4 r 2
x
So x
Du k ( E ) E e
r 4 r 2
Previous Example, continued
Assume
S0= 4 photons/s
Photon energy is 0.8 MeV
Shielding material is 0.5 cm Uranium (U)
2 E max Ci rad
D 2
=
ft hr
Rules of Thumb,
continued
It is important to note that if a
nuclide decays by multiple
emissions (betas or gammas) that
they have to be accounted for in
the calculation. You can estimate
the dose from each separately and
sum the total.