Engineering Geology

Week 6
Jimenez, Ma. Josette
Villarico, Chris
Delos santos, Irish Miguel
 A sudden and violent shaking of the
ground, sometimes causing great
destruction, as a result of movements
within the earth's crust or volcanic action.
Depth of Origin
The focus of an earthquake is the actual
point underground where rocks break.
The depth of the focus can be
categorized as

* shallow (up to 70 km below the

surface)
*intermediate (70 to 300 km)
* deep (greater than 300 km).
Focus and Epicenter
Epicenter-The point on the Earth's
surface located directly above
the focus of an earthquake.

Focus-The location where the

earthquake begins. The ground ruptures
at this spot, then seismic waves radiate
outward in all directions.
 A foreshock is an earthquake that
occurs before a larger seismic event
(the mainshock) and is related to it in
both time and space. The designation of
an earthquake as foreshock,
mainshock or aftershock is only possible
after the full sequence of events has
happened.
 The mainshock is the largest
earthquake in a sequence, sometimes
preceded by one or more foreshocks,
and almost always followed by many
aftershocks.

Aftershock
one of a series of minor tremors occurrin
g after the main shock of an earthquake.
Elastic Rebound Theory
The elastic rebound theory is an
explanation for how energy is spread
during earthquakes. As rocks on
opposite sides of a fault are subjected to
force and shift, they accumulate energy
and slowly deform until their internal
strength is exceeded.
DISTANTTSUNAMI
LOCAL TSUNAMI
DISTANT TSUNAMI
 A distant tsunami produced by an earthquake
will take 4 or more hours to travel, usually
allowing time for an official warning and
evacuation, if necessary. A distant tsunami will
be smaller in size and much less destructive,
but it can still be very DANGEROUS.
LOCAL TSUNAMI
Local tsunami's are generated closer to
the coast, which means it reaches
landfall faster with more power.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN NORMAL
WAVE AND A TSUNAMI WAVE.
WAYS TO MINIMIZE A TSUNAMI
HAZARD.
1. Avoid Inundation Areas: Site Buildings or infrastructure away
from hazard area or locate on a high point.
2. Slow Water: Forests, ditches, slopes, or berms can slow down
waves and filter out debris. The success of this method depends on
correctly estimating the force of the tsunami.
3. Steering: Water can be steered to strategically placed angled
walls, ditches and paved roads. Theoretically, porous dikes can
reduce the impact of violent waves.
4. Blocking : Walls, hardened terraces, berms and parking
structures can be built to block waves.he house and household in a
wide community context such as whether it is a majority or minority
situation, the conflict situation and ownership issues .
How are tsunamis detected in the
open ocean?
To help identify and predict the size of
a tsunami, scientists can look at the size
and type of the underwater earthquake
that precedes it. That is often the
first information they receive, because
seismic waves travel faster than
tsunamis.

OPEN OCEAN TSUNAMI BUOYS

Difference between tsunami
watch and warning.
A "watch" is an official announcement that a hazardous
condition may be a serious threat to life and property
within a particular time. "WATCH" status means you
should GET READY and LISTEN to your radio or
television for further instructions.

A "WARNING" is an official announcement that

hazardous, life-threatening conditions are about to occur
or are occurring. "WARNING" status means you should
TAKE ACTION.
APPLICATION TO CIVIL
ENGINEERING