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Transformer
Made up of inductors.
Not electrically connected.
An ac voltage applied to the primary induces an ac voltage in the secondary.
Step-down transformer
- provides a secondary voltage that is
less than the primary voltage.
Isolation transformer
- provides a secondary voltage that is equal
to the primary voltage.
- to isolate the power supply electrically from
the power line, which serves as a
protection.
Andi Pawawoi Teknik Tenaga Listerik 3
Transformer secondary voltage
The turns ratio of a transformer is equal to the voltage ratio of the component:
N 2 v2 (t ) N2
or v 2 (t ) v1 (t )
N1 v1 (t ) N1
N2 1
For example: v2 (t ) v1 (t ) (120Vac ) 30Vac
N1 4
Andi Pawawoi Teknik Tenaga Listerik 4
Jrsn. Teknik Mesin
Transformer secondary current
P2 P1
v 2 (t )i2 (t ) v1 (t )i1 (t )
v1 (t ) N1
i2 (t ) i1 (t ) or i2 (t ) i1 (t )
v 2 (t ) N2
Andi Pawawoi Teknik Tenaga Listerik 5
Jrsn. Teknik Mesin
Example
Consider the source, transformer, and load shown in the circuit below. Determine
the rms values of the currents and voltages (a) with the switch open and (b) with
the switch closed.
Solution
The phasor current and voltage in the secondary are related to the load
impedance by V2
ZL
I2
Then, N1 The impedance seen by the source,
N V1
2
ZL
2
V N
Z L 1 1 Z L
'
N 2 I
N 1 1 I1 N 2
Solution
N2 1
Total impedance '
Z R Z 1000 1000 j 2000 (2000 j 2000)
S 1 L
Z S 282845
VS 10000
Primary current and voltage: I1 0.3536 45 A
Z S 282845
'
V1 I1Z L 0.3536 45(1000 j 2000)
0.3536 45(223663.43) 790.618.43V
Secondary current and voltage: N1 10
I2 I 1 (0.3536 45) 3.536 45 A
N2 1
N 1
V2 2 V1 (790.618.43) 79.0618.43V
N1 10
2
2 3.536
Power delivered to the load: PL I 2 (rms) R L (10) 62.51W
2
Basic components:
1. Stator stationary part
2. Rotor rotating part
3. Shaft coupled the machine to the mechanical
load.
Andi Pawawoi Teknik Tenaga Listerik 13
Electric Motor
Rotor is rotating inside the
stator and separated by
means of an air gap.
The rotor and stator each
consists of a magnetic
core, some electrical
insulation and the windings
necessary to establish a
magnetic flux.
The windings carry the
electric currents that
generate the magnetic
fields and flow to the
electrical loads.
where Tout is the output torque in newton-meters, and m is the angular speed of
the load in radians per second.
2
m nm
Andi Pawawoi 60Listerik
Teknik Tenaga 19
Jrsn. Teknik Mesin
Losses, Power Ratings, and Efficiency
The mechanical output power for a given electric motor is stated in horsepower
(hp). To convert from watts to horsepower, we have
Pwatts
Phorsepower
746
The power rating of a motor is the output power that the motor can safely
produce on a continuous basis. Most motor can supply output power varying
from zero to several times their rated power, depending on the mechanical load.
Pout
100%
Pin
1. Efficiency
2. Starting torque
3. Pull-out torque
4. Power factor
5. Starting current