IN VITRO (IVF)

ClickBiology
IMPLANT

ClickBiology
IUCD

ClickBiology
VASECTOMY

ClickBiology
LIGATION

ClickBiology
4.7 Plant Reproduction
Click to Enter
ClickBiology
Flowers are the reproductive organs of plants

ClickBiology
Flower Structure Pollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test
 Structures of flower

stigma
anther
stamen style Pistil
filament ovary
ovule

petal

sepal
receptacle
peduncle

ClickBiology
Flower Structure Pollination Fruit Development Seed Dispersal Germination Test
 FUNCTIONS OF EACH PARTS

stigma
anther
stamen style Carpel
filament /pistil
ovary
ovule

petal

sepal

ClickBiology
Flower Structure Pollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test
 Topic 4 Reproduction

Sexual Reproductive System Of Flowering Plant

Types Of Gametes

Male Pollen grain Female Ovule

Contain male gamete. Contains female gamete.

It has rough surface to stick Ovule will develop into seed.
easily onto stigmas.

ClickBiology
ITeach Science Form 3
Pollen
 Flower Structure Quiz
Click the correct answer
What is the name of the structure labelled X in the
diagram?

Pistil

sepal
X
stamen

peduncle
ClickBiology
Flower Structure Pollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test
 Flower Structure Quiz

Where is pollen made?

stigma

sepal

anther

ovary

ClickBiology
Flower Structure Pollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test
 Flower Structure Quiz

Where is the ovule found in a flower?

petals

style

nectary

ovary

ClickBiology
Flower Structure Pollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test
 Flower Structure Quiz

Which parts of the flower are labelled below:

X
X = style, Y = stigma

X = filament, Y = anther

Y
X = stigma, Y = style

X = anther, Y = filament

ClickBiology
Flower Structure Pollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test
UNISEXUAL AND BISEXUAL FLOWERS

ClickBiology
ClickBiology
ClickBiology
 Pollination

The pollen grain contains the male sex cell (gamete)

ClickBiology
Flower Structure Pollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test
Pollination
Pollination is the transfer of pollen from the anther
to the stigma Click to view the animation

This is an example of cross-pollination as the

pollen travels from one flower to a different flower.
This is desirable in plants as it promotes variation.
ClickBiology
Flower Structure Pollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test
Cross pollination
Bee goes into flower
Bee transports into another flower
 Cross-Pollination
Insects other than bees may also cross-pollinate
such as:
Butterflies

Mosquitos
Caterpillars
Self-pollination occurs when pollen falls from the
anther onto the stigma of the same flower

Click to show
animation of self-
pollination

ClickBiology
Flower Structure Pollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test
Self-pollination
 Self Pollination
Bees and other animals bring pollen from the
flowers own anthers to its stigma.
The bees collect the pollen from the Anther
and then gives it the Stigma
 Why flowers pollinate?
To reproduce and create new life, which are
new flowers.
Pollen can be carried between flowers by animals
or by wind

ClickBiology
Flower Structure Pollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test
Insect-pollinated flowers are adapted to attract
insects to them to enable transfer of pollen
Pollen has
barbs for
nectar and a hooking onto
scent present insect fur

Anthers positioned
to rub pollen onto
insects

Sticky stigma
to collect pollen Brightly
coloured petals

ClickBiology
Flower Structure Pollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test
 Topic 4 Reproduction

Pollination

Insects

Pollen sticks to the insects legs and bodies and carried to another flower.

Example : bees and butterflies

Characteristics of the flower

Rough, big,
Big Colourful Scented heavy and
sticky pollen

Stigma with
Have nectar Short styles
sticky surface

ClickBiology
ITeach Science Form 3
 Topic 4 Reproduction

Pollination

Animals

Pollen sticks to the animals beak and bodies and carried to another flower.

Example : birds and bats

Characteristics of the flower

Big Colourful Scented

Rough and
Have nectar
sticky pollen

ClickBiology
ITeach Science Form 3
 Wind-pollinated flowers are different in structure
because they do not have to attract insects to
them but do need to be exposed to the wind.

Pollen grains are very Anthers are exposed to the

small and light. They wind so that pollen can
occur in very large easily be blown away
numbers

Stigma are
feathery to catch
pollen carried on
wind

Petals are small

and green as there
No scent or nectary
is no need to attract
insects
ClickBiology
Flower Structure Pollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test
 Topic 4 Reproduction

Pollination

Wind

Agents for most monocotyledonous plants like maize, paddy, grass.

Characteristics of the flower

White or light
Small No smell No nectar
colour

Small, light
Long styles
Long filament and smooth
and stigma
pollen

ClickBiology
ITeach Science Form 3
 Topic 4 Reproduction

Pollination

The Advantages Of Cross-Pollination

New variations of plants are produced

New and healthier seeds are produced

New plants with better adaptabilities to changes in environment

New plants with better resistant to pest and diseases are produced

ClickBiology
ITeach Science Form 3
 Topic 4 Reproduction

Pollination

Use Of Cross-Pollination In Agriculture

Researches are carried out to improve the quality and quantity of agriculture
crops.

Example of agencies involved in the research MARDI MPOB

Example of new crop plants produced. Oil palm Papaya Maize

ClickBiology
ITeach Science Form 3
 Pollination Quiz
Click the correct answer

Pollination is the transfer from.?

the stigma to anther

style to stamen

ovule to filament

anther to stigma

ClickBiology
Flower Structure Pollination Fruit Development Seed Dispersal Germination Test
 Pollination Quiz

The two mechanisms for pollination are?

Wind and water

Animal and wind

Animal and water

Wind and birds

ClickBiology
Flower Structure Pollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test
 Pollination Quiz

Cross-pollination

Increases variation

Decreases variation

Is only performed by insects

Is only performed by wind

ClickBiology
Flower Structure Pollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test
 Pollination Quiz

Flowers are adapted for wind-pollination by

Having bright petals and a scent

Having a nectary

Having feathery stigmas

Having sticky stigmas

ClickBiology
Flower Structure Pollination Fruit Development Seed Dispersal Germination Test
 Fertilization

ClickBiology
Flower Structure Pollination Fruit Development Seed Dispersal Germination Test
 Once pollination occurs a tube grows from the
pollen grain down through the style to the ovule

stigma

style

Pistil

ovary
Click to view the
ovule animation

ClickBiology
Flower Structure Pollination Fruit Development Seed Dispersal Germination Test
Fertilization occurs when the male gamete
fuses with the ovule (the female gamete)

Click to view the

animation

ClickBiology
Flower Structure Pollination Fruit Development Seed Dispersal Germination Test
ClickBiology
After fertilization the petals, stamen and sepals fall off.
The ovule turns into a seed, the fertilized egg inside
develops into an embryo plant.

Cotyledon:
Testa: Food store
tough seed coat

Plumule:
Micropyle: Embryo shoot
Hole made by Embryo
pollen tube plant
Radicle:
Embryo root

ClickBiology
Flower Structure Pollination Fruit Development Seed Dispersal Germination Test
Water leaves the seed, it dehydrates and becomes
dormant because metabolic reactions stop.
The ovary develops to become a fruit.

Fleshy wall
seed of the ovary
(yes, you are
eating an
adapted ovary
when you
crunch into an
apple!

ClickBiology
Flower Structure Pollination Fruit Development Seed Dispersal Germination Test
STRUCTURES OF A SEED AND THEIR
FUNCTIONS

ClickBiology
 What is a seed?

A seed is a small embryonic plant enclosed

in a covering called the seed coat, usually
with some stored food.

The formation of the seed completes the

process of reproduction in seed plants.

ClickBiology
 SEED STRUCTURE
External
Seed coat (testa)
Hilum
Embryo
Cotyledon
Plumule
Radical

ClickBiology
Seed Coat
AKA testa
The seed coat protects the embryo
Can be of varying thicknesses, depending
on the seed type.

ClickBiology
Hilum
Scar from the seed being attached to the
parent plant

ClickBiology
Embryo
The embryo is what forms the new plant
once the opportune conditions are
present.

ClickBiology
 Cotyledon
The cotyledon is the first
leaf that germinates.
It is filled with stored
food that the plant uses
before it begins
photosynthesis.
Some plants have 1
cotyledon (monocot)
and some have 2
cotyledons (dicot).
ClickBiology
Plumule
The shoot tip with a pair of miniature leaves.

ClickBiology
The Radicle
The part of the seed where the root
develops.

ClickBiology
 Plumule

Embryo

Cotyledon
Radicle

ClickBiology
 Germination

ClickBiology
Flower Structure Pollination Fruit Development Seed Dispersal Germination Test
 The seed contains the embryo plant and
cotyledons (starch stores)
Testa Water enters the seed
through the micropyle
and activates enzymes.
Plumule
(embryo shoot)

The water also softens

the testa to allow it to
split.
Radicle
(embryo root) Label the diagram
of the seed

Micropyle Cotyledon

ClickBiology
Flower Structure Pollination Fruit Development Seed Dispersal Germination Test
 Plumule

embryo plant

Radicle
This is the first part
to grow out of the
seed as it needs to
absorb more water
ClickBiology
Flower Structure Pollination Fruit Development Seed Dispersal Germination Test
 Whilst germinating the plant uses food stores in
the cotyledon to provide energy for growth

light The seedling can now

photosynthesise and
make its own food

germination

Plant growth and development

soil
ClickBiology
Flower Structure Pollination Fruit Development Seed Dispersal Germination Test
ClickBiology
ClickBiology
ClickBiology
ClickBiology
ClickBiology
Here's an interesting list of fruits that are
often thought to be vegetables:
tomatoes
cucumbers
squashes and zucchini
avocados
green, red, and yellow peppers
pumpkins

ClickBiology
ClickBiology
ClickBiology
ClickBiology
ClickBiology
ClickBiology
HOTs Questions.

ClickBiology
 STRAWBERRY

Strawberries, with their seeds on the outside,

the ovary wall sort of drops off and what
enlarges is the patch of tissue that is underneath
the structures that contain eggs (the ovules)
which then develop into seeds
"As it enlarges, it separates all the seeds from
each other and they end up on the outside of the
fruit

ClickBiology
 PINEAPPLE

pineapples are called a multiple fruit.

Each one is actually a whole bunch of
fruits, formed from the fused ovaries of
many different flowers

ClickBiology
ClickBiology
How seedless fruits are made???

ClickBiology
 SEEDLESS WATERMELON

Normal watermelon plants have two sets of

chromosomes.
Scientists discovered how to genetically
engineer watermelon varieties that have four
sets of chromosomes.
If normal watermelon plants are pollinated with
pollen from genetically-engineered plants, the
resulting plants (called hybrids) have three sets
of chromosomes,
which makes them sterile and able to
produce seedless watermelons.
ClickBiology
 SEEDLESS GRAPES
to make seedless grapes, new plants are
made from existing plants.
Adult grape plant stems are sliced then
dipped into a rooting hormone and
planted.
The new plants that begin to grow are
basically genetic clones of the original
parent plant,
except that they produce seedless fruit.

ClickBiology