The immune system

Adaptive Specific immuno-

Innate immunity
immunity logical memory

Disease Recovery No disease

The major elements of the innate
and adaptive immune systems

Innate Adaptive
Not improved by Improved by repeated
repeated infection infection
Soluble Lisozymes, Antibody
Factors complement, CRP,
interferon
Cells Phagocytes, T lymphocytes
NK cells
The innate immune system

Lysozyme
Microgial cell
Mucus
Blood monocytes
Tracheal cilia
Alveolar
Macrophages Skin and
Sebaceous gland
Kupffer cells
Acid in stomach
Mesangial cells
Organisms in gut
Resident and and vagina
circulating
macrophages Spermine in semen
The innate immune system
Host defense against viral infections

Virus-resistant cell

NK

Activation Induction
Interferon
The innate immune system
Host defense against bacterial infections

Complement

Lysis Chemotaxis Opsonization

The adaptive immune system
Overview
The adaptive immune system
CD4Th activation

Th
APC

TNF- IL-2
The adaptive immune system
CD8Tc activation

IL-2
The adaptive immune system
Cell mediated immunity
The adaptive immune system
B cell activation

IL- 4
The adaptive immune system
B cell activation

Activated B cells:

Stay in lymph node, become plasma cells and

secretes immunoglobulin.

Circulate through the blood and become

memory B cells.
The adaptive immune system
B cell transformation
The adaptive immune system
Immunoglobulin production
Type I hypersensitivity reaction

IgE
Type I hypersensitivity reaction

Anaphylactic or immediate hypersentivity

Inflamatory mediators:
histamine, leukotrienes, cytokines, enzymes,
arachidonic acid

Anaphylactic shock, asthma, hay fever, rhinitis,

acute drug allergic reaction.
Type II hypersensitivity reaction

IgG IgG or IgM

C1q

Activated C3 Classical pathway

Lytic pathway
Platelets
NK cells

PMN
MN

Membrane damage
Type II hypersensitivity reaction

Cytotoxic reaction

Activation of complement system

Hashimotos thyroiditis, myasthenia gravis,

transfusion reaction, AIHA, HDNB, GVHD,
Goodpastures syndrome
Type III hypersensitivity reaction

C3a

C5a
Type III hypersensitivity reaction
Type III hypersensitivity reaction

Immune complex mediated reactions

Inflamatory mediators:
circulating immune complex, vasoactive amines

Bacterial endocarditis, nephritis, serum sickness,

Arthus reaction,
Type IV hypersensitivity reaction

T cell

Lymphokines

Inflamatory
action

Inflamatory mediators
Type IV hypersensitivity reaction

Cell-mediated hypersensitivity or delayed

hypersensitivity

Unlike the other types of hypersensitivity, type IV

reactions are not mediated by antibody

Tuberculin test, contact dermatitis, Jones-Mote

hypersensitivity, leprosy, leishmaniasis, listeriosis,
deep mycoses, helminthiasis
Autoimmune disease

Immune system capable to distinguish between

self and non-self antigens to avoid embarrassment
of autorectivity.

However, in the nature of things, all mechanisms have

a risk of breakdown as well as the self recognition.

So it is that a number of disease have been identified

in which there is production of autoantibodies and
autoreactive T cells.
Mechanism
Evasion of the controls on auto-reactivity

Regulatory bypass Th bypass

T eff Autoimmune
Tcs disease

Autoantigen Th

Ts B Autoantibody
 Hashimotos thyroiditis
Thyrotoxicosis
Pernicious anemia
Addisons disease

Organ spesific
Type 1 DM
Goodpastures syndr.
Disease spectrum

Myasthenia gravis
Pemphigus vulgaris
Multiple sclerosis
AIHA
ITP
Chronic hepatitis
Cryptogenic cirrhosis
Ulcerative colitis
Rheumatoid arthritis
Scleroderma
SLE
Non-organ spesific