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— This presentation shows a
summarized form of the
different points in research
design and doesn·t go into
details of each step.
 


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— Title
— Background and Significance (Introduction)
— Hypothesis and Research questions
— Objectives
— Methods
— Results
— Discussion
— Recommendations
— Conclusion and Summary
— References
— Appendix
 ! 

Œunctions of the title:
— Identifies the main topic and scope of the study.

— Attracts readers.

Guidelines:
— Should be informative.

— Should be self-
self-explanatory to readers.
— Should not be too broad; tells the reader too
little.
— Avoid abbreviations.
 a 

— Its purpose is to provide a starting point
to the work which follows.
— To convince the readers why this work is
done.
— To show context of the problem, defines
terms.
— To identify gaps in knowledge.
— Identifies the sources of information.
 a 
 
Guide in Contents:
— Information about the scope of the problem;
use statistics and rates.
— An explanation of why this study needs to be
done and why it is necessary for the target
population.
— A critical review of the relevant literature.
— Point out how your proposed findings will help
resolve important issues in the field (possible
benefits).
— What did you aim to add?
 a 
 
— Overall, it should provide a ´mapµ for the
reader to follow by outlining a structure.
— Make it interesting.
— Make certain that your background
discussion remains focused on the issues
your research will address.
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— What are the questions that are outstanding and need
answer?
— 
:
M
   
:
A hypothesis is a proposed explanation of a
phenomenon. Generally hypotheses should propose
some correlation e.g.:
Hormone intake may be associated with breast cancer
in women.
— Research hypothesis will be tested in your study, it
might be correct or incorrect.
— The hypothesis is always subject to further test«..
 
 

Setting objectives: Clear statements of the aims
Objectives should be:
be:
— Specific
— Linked to general aim
— Stated in terms of outcome to be achieved
(attainable)
— Limited time
— Measurement specified: written in a measurable
term.
 
 

— Œlow between aims is important and helps
background stays concise.

— Don·t be over ambitious.

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This section outlines research methods to show
what will be done and how.
— Research strategy (Study Design):

Will you use descriptive, analytic or

experimental strategies?
— Study population:

What will be the unit of observation?

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— |  : Is sampling needed?,
— What type of sampling is appropriate,
— What is the adequate sample size to test your
hypothesis,
— Are controls needed, how are they selected?,
how will you ensure comparability of study
groups.
 |

   
 
i |
  (study instruments):
What measurements and procedures will you
use in data collection?
Check reliability and validity of your
instrument, quality control.

— How are your instruments pre-pre-tested, how

will you train interviewers, what facilities are
needed.
 |

   
 

— Plans for Data processing, tabulation and

analysis: what statistical tests will you apply?

— Plans for Budget, Œunds, Time table.

— Ethical committee approval.

 





— This section is a summary of all the
significant information that has already
been written on your subject ´existing
informationµ.

— It usually contains a lot of referencing as

you are citing ideas from other authors.
 

 
This section presents data.
— It can be done in a range of ways such as
tables, graphs, diagrams, flow charts«.
— Use tables when details of data are needed.

— Use graphs when only impressions are needed.

— Comparisons and associations: use tests of

significance, correlations«. as statistical tools.
— Interpret your results:

e.g. Data: 37
37..8D c
What is the information ?: Mild Œever
 

In this section you should:
— Interpret and analyze results and data.

— Make comparisons.

— Draw together concepts, facts, policies,

events«..
— Link different sections of the discussion
together, use a topic sentence that introduces
the section that follows.
 

— Discuss methods, and their limitations,
— Discuss your results in light of confirmatory and
conflicting reports
— Discuss possible mechanisms or explanations.
— Discuss implications.
— State points which needs further studies.
— Conclude:
ë
 

 

— It should be a brief summary of the
main points developed in the
research.

— Restate arguments developed in the

main body of the report.
 

 
— The purpose of the research is to ultimately
recommend a course of action.
Recommendations may involve:
— Methods, procedures or approaches for
solving particular problems,
— Œurther work or actions or research to be
completed.
 




There should be a reference list.
Œollow guidelines in writing the references.
— -ame of author/editor
— Title of journal/book
— Year of publication
— Volume no./publisher
— Title of article/ chapter
— Œirst and last pages
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It includes any supplementary material as:
— Long tables

— Questionnaires

— Letters, extracts from other reports««

 ^  
— It is a summary of the whole report; a short
indication of the paper content.
— Also called an executive summary.
— Structured abstract should include all the main
points of the report: Background, Methods,
Results, Conclusion (

  ).
— Does not include quotes, examples or details.
— Usually written in a smaller font or with a single
space between lines.
— Œollow specific guidelines of each journal,
conference or others«.
Acknowledgement
i Research Design check list : Dr. Abdel-
Abdel-Rehiem Omran
Prof. of Epidemiology, USA    

— Grant writing workshop 14-
14-17 -ov. 2005 held in WHO-
WHO-
EMRO Cairo, Egypt (quoted from the presentation of Dr.
Christopher Loffredo) Prof. of Cancer Genetics and
Epidemiology. Georgetown University, School of Medicine,
Washington,USA

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