ENGLESKI JEZIK 4 GRAMATIKA

Adjectives and Adverbs

Adjectives + to
Simple Past / Present Perfect
Participles
Conditional Clauses
Questions
Intensifiers
Prepositional Phrases
Compound Nouns
ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS revision
 GRAMMAR ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS revision
Adjectives
role: describe nouns
position: in front of a noun or after a link verb like be, look or feel
comparison: one-syllable adjectives with -er/-est, two-syllable
adjectives ending in -y, -le, -ow or -er (happy, simple, narrow, clever)
with -er/-est, other adjectives with more/most. Some adjectives
have two possible forms of comparison: clever; common; likely;
pleasant; polite; quiet; simple; stupid; subtle; sure
irregular adjectives:
good better best bad worse worst
much more most many more most
little less least little smaller smallest
order: general opinion specific opinion size shape age
color nationality material qualifier
 GRAMMAR ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS revision
Adverbs
role: modify verbs, adjectives and other adverbs. Adverbs often tell
when, where, why, or under what conditions something happens or
happened.
form: some adverbs have two forms, one that ends in -ly and one
that doesn't, they usually have different meanings
position: adverbs can take different positions in a sentence, but we
never put them between the verb and the object.
comparison: adverbs in ly with more/most; adverbs with the same
form as the adjective form comparative and superlative by adding -
er and -est.
irregular adverbs:
well better best
badly worse worst
far farther/further farthest/furthest
order: verb manner place frequency time purpose
 GRAMMAR EXERCISES Mark all words that
function as adjectives, adverbs or both.

Adjective Both Adjective and Adverb

supply with jelly

except from too bully
chilly early until high
despite costly
lovely far greatly here often
friendly deadly curly
rally monthly so daily lively
silly
lily fast
likely
Adverb
Neither Adjective
nor Adverb
 GRAMMAR EXERCISES - Fill in the missing forms to
make pairs of adjectives and adverbs or comparative
forms.
good - well
first - first/firstly
deep - deeply
kind - kindly
yearly - yearly
fast - fast
strong - strongly
nice - nicely
long - long
slow - slowly
 GRAMMAR EXERCISES - Fill in the missing forms to
make pairs of adjectives and adverbs or comparative
forms.
good better the best
well better the best
bad worse the worst
badly worse the worst
hard harder the hardest
hard harder the hardest
nice nicer the nicest
nicely more nicely the most nicely
beautiful more beautiful the most beautiful
beautifully more beautifully the most beautifully
 Some of the adverbs with double forms, with and
without ly, are used and explained in the folowing
sentences, translate them into Croatian.
Naporno radimo preko ljeta.
Gotovo da i nismo radili preko ljeta.
Novi zaposlenik, John je zaista uspjean.
Od poetka novog projekta, zaposlenici su vrlo motivirani.
Dobro mu ide na novom poslu.
Morate precizno odrediti detalje ugovora.
Mrzim kad ljudi kasne.
ime se bavi u zadnje vrijeme?
to najvie voli na ovom poslu?
ivio je u mnogim zelmjama, ali uglavnom u Europi.
 Some of the adverbs with double forms, with and
without ly, are used and explained in the folowing
sentences, translate them into Croatian.
Moe li sa mnom na zabavu? Naravno!
Valjda ti je jasno da je to loa ideja.
Moete li mi rei zato su vrata mog ureda irom otvorena?
Imao sam sree to sam proputovao Aziju uzdu i poprijeko.
Godina je dobro poela, no onda je sve polo po zlu.
ao mi je, grekom sam te optuio da si lijen.
Iako je proglaen krivim, sa suda je izaao slobodan.
Ponaao se tako slobodno kao da je on vlasnik ureda.
Je li park blizu kole?
Pri kraju sam pisanja eseja.
 GRAMMAR EXERCISES - Match the following
adverbs with their functions.
1. It rained hard yesterday. TIME
2. I bought the glue to fix my broken lamp. PURPOSE
3. Janice placed the chair next to the window. PLACE
4. Clearly, Paul had no idea what he was doing. COMMENT
5. Joe buys flowers for his wife every week. FREQUENCY
6. This is the place where we used to go out. RELATIVE
7. I wear woolly socks so my feet stay warm. PURPOSE
8. Tom is very funny. DEGREE
9. The woman stared at me with an angry look. MANNER
10. I'll meet you on Friday. TIME
11. We hardly know him. DEGREE
12. Elephants are found in Africa and India. PLACE
13. The show is held annually. FREQUENCY
14. Luckily, the fire didn't spread. COMMENT
15. He swims well. MANNER
16. Do you know the girl who is wearing a white T-shirt? RELATIVE
GRAMMAR EXERCISES - Put the following sets of
adjectives and adverbs into correct order.
Aunt Betty wants a coffee table. (stone, square, gray)
Aunt Betty wants a square gray stone coffee table.
The king took a trip. (two-week, exhausting)
The king took an exhausting two-week trip.
These are cookies! (chocolate chip, delicious, huge)
These are delicious huge chocolate chip cookies!
Alice prefers furniture. (leather, Italian, black)
Alice prefers black Italian leather furniture.
Archeologists were lucky to find bones. (animal, large,
prehistoric)
Archeologists were lucky to find large prehistoric animal
bones.
GRAMMAR EXERCISES - Put the following sets of
adjectives and adverbs into correct order.
My brother gets on the bus. (early, to get a good seat, every
morning)
My brother gets on the bus early every morning to get a good
seat.
The coach works. (on the main campus, in his office, at the gym)
The coach works in his office at the gym on the main campus.
They train. (twice a day, every day of the week, at the gym, to
prepare for the Olympics, vigorously)
They train vigorously at the gym twice a day every day of the week
to prepare for the Olympics.
He ran. (enough, surprisingly, to win, fast)
Surprisingly, he ran fast enough to win.
The bacteria grow. (of the pond, at the edge, all summer, in Tolland,
rapidly)
The bacteria grow rapidly all summer at the edge of the pond in
Tolland.
ADJECTIVES WITH TO-INFINITIVE
 GRAMMAR Adjectives with to-infinitive, that-clause,
prepositional clauses and adverbial clause

We often use adjectives followed by a to-infinitive, a that-

clause, a prepositional clause or an adverbial clause after
linking verbs.

I was happy to see them again.

I was happy that they were here again.
I was happy for them.
I was happy when they said they would visit us.
 GRAMMAR Adjectives with to-infinitive, that-clause,
prepositional clauses and adverbial clause

This pattern can also be used with empty subject it.

It was difficult for us to read the map.

It was nice of them to help us.
It was easy to follow their instructions.
 GRAMMAR Adjectives with to-infinitive, that-clause,
prepositional clauses and adverbial clause

We also use this pattern after ordinal numbers and also

after the next and the last.

She was the first to notice the problem.

They were the next to leave the team.
He was the last to find out.
 GRAMMAR Adjectives with to-infinitive, that-clause,
prepositional clauses and adverbial clause

Many of the adjectives that follow this pattern describe a

persons emotions or mental state, or express an opinion
about something or someone. Others are related to ability,
probability and the future.

afraid, happy, pleased, glad, disappointed, anxious, proud,

surprised, sad, sorry, difficult, easy, impossible, right, wrong,
awful, sad, good, true, obvious, important, funny, able,
unable, likely, unlikely, certain, due, sure
GRAMMAR EXERCISES Fill in the gaps with the
following adjectives
unhappy eager ashamed afraid certain sorry
devastated able due angry ready unable the first

He was very angry to discover that his wife was having an affair.
I'm sorry to have to say this, but we're going to have to let you go
The little boy was afraid to jump.
They were very unhappy to learn that their son was in trouble.
The report is due to be published next week.
I havent told anyone yet, you are the first to hear the news.
It's great! We were able to find a real holiday bargain.
Is everybody ready to go? The bus is waiting outside.
I am ashamed to say that I can't remember your name.
He was devastated to learn he hadn't got in to Oxford.
She was eager to start work as soon as possible.
Her concert is certain to be a sell-out. They always are.
We regret we are unable to extend your overdraft.
 GRAMMAR EXERCISES Make sentences using the
word in the bracket. Example: John offered to help
me. (kind)
You write: It was kind of John to offer to help me.
a) Cant you arrive on time occasionally? (possible)
Isn't it possible for you to arrive on time occasionally?
b) He makes a phone call while he drives. (careless)
It was careless of him to make a phone call while he drives.
c) She has trouble making a living from her business. (hard)
It's hard for her to make a living from her business.
d) You did my shopping for me. (kind)
It was kind of you to do my shopping for me.
e) We need to solve this question as soon as possible. (necessary)
It was necessary for us to solve this question as soon as possible.
f) Don and Jane invited me to stay with them. (nice)
It was nice of Don and Jane to invite me to stay with them.
g) John made so much noise when I was trying to sleep. (inconsiderate)
It was inconsiderate of John to make so much noise when I was trying
to sleep.
GRAMMAR EXERCISES Translate into Croatian

The explosive growth, in the second half of the nineteenth

century; of industrialisation and the industrial city, is impossible
to have envisaged occurring without significant developments
in the ability to transport both people and goods and to
communicate information.

Nemogue je zamisliti snaan rast industrijalizacije i

industrijskih gradova druge polovice dvadesetog stoljea bez
znaajnog napretka u mogunosti prijevoza ljudi i robe te u
komunikaciji informacija.
SIMPLE PAST VS. PRESENT PERFECT
GRAMMAR: Simple Past vs. Present perfect
 GRAMMAR EXERCISES

Find all the verbs in past simple and present perfect in the
summary The World of Transport and explain their use.
 Translate these sentences

Kako su stari Rimljani gradili ceste?

How did the ancient Romas build their roads?
Nikad nisam putovao avionom.
I have never travelled by a plane.
Peter je nedavno dobio vozaku dozvolu.
Peter has recently acquired his driving licence.
Tko je napravio prvi elektrini vlak?
Who built the first electric train?
Ford je je proizveo svoj Model T 1908.
Ford constructed his Model T in 1908.
esto smo koristili podzemnu kad smo bili u New Yorku.
We often used the subway when we were in New York.
 Translate these sentences

Jeste li ikad letjeli balonom?

Have you ever flown in a hot air baloon?
Prije par dana pisao sam ispit iz prometnih pravila. Jesi li
odgovorio na sva pitanja?
A couple of days ago I took the test in traffic regulations. Did you
answer all the questions?
Koliko dugo ivi u Los Angelesu?
How long have you lived/been living in Los Angeles?
Kad si stigao u Chicago?
When did you arrive in Chicago?
Upravo sam uo na vijestima da je podzemna zatvorena!
Ive just heard on the news that the subway is closed.
Los Angeles ima centar za upravljanje prometom od 1984.
Los Angeles has had a traffic control center since 1984.
PARTICIPLES REVISION
(Perfect participle)
 GRAMMAR PARTICIPLES REVISION (Perfect
participle)
Present Participle
The present participle is the ing-form of verbs
Present participle is used:
as part of the continuous form of a verb
as an active adjective
after verbs of movement/position in the pattern: verb + present participle
after verbs of perception in the pattern: verb + object + present participle
with the verbs spend and waste, in the pattern: verb + time/money expression +
present participle
with the verbs catch and find, in the pattern: verb + object + present participle
when two actions occur at the same time, and are done by the same person or
thing, we can use a present participle to describe one of them
when one action follows very quickly after another done by the same person or
thing, we can express the first action with a present participle
instead of a phrase starting as, since, because, and it explains the cause or reason
for an action
 GRAMMAR PARTICIPLES REVISION (Perfect
participle)
Past Participle
Regular verbs form the past participle by adding ed. For irregular participle forms
see third column of irregular verbs.
Past Participle is used:
to form perfect tenses
to form the passive voice
as a passive adjective
in different expressions with the meaning have something done, in the pattern:
have + something + present participle
to shorten or combine passive clauses that have the same subject; the action
expressed by the participle happens before or at the same time as another one
to make the past form of infinitives (to + have + past participle)
 GRAMMAR PARTICIPLES REVISION (Perfect
participle)
Perfect Participle
You form the perfect participle by putting the present participle having in front of
the past participle: having completed
Perfect Participle is used:
to shorten or combine clauses that have the same subject if one action (the one
where the perfect participle is used) is completed before the next action starts.
She bought a bike and cycled home. Having bought a bike, she cycled home.
to shorten or combine clauses that have the same subject if one action has been
going on for a period of time when another action starts.
He had been living there for such a long time that he didn't want to move to
another town. Having lived there for such a long time, he didn't want to move
to another town.
the perfect participle can be used for active and passive voice.
active voice: having + past participle: having cooked, he set the table.
passive voice: having been + past participle: having been cooked, the food looked
delicious.
 GRAMMAR PARTICIPLES REVISION (Perfect
participle)
Use of Participle Clauses
In English, participle clauses are mainly used in writing in order to put a lot of
information into one sentence. If a clause is shortened using a participle
construction, the clause is called participle clause.
Watching TV, she forgot everything around her.
When shortening or combining clauses with a participle construction, keep the
following rules in mind:
Both clauses should have the same subject.
The less important part becomes the participle clause. Important information
should always be in the main clause.
Make sure, you use the correct participle form (see above).
The conjunctions as, because, since and relative pronouns who, which are left out.
The conjunctions before, when are used in the participle clause.
The conjunctions after, while can be used or left out.
 GRAMMAR EXERCISES Choose the correct
answer
a) How many participle forms are there in English?
1. There are two participle forms in English.
2. There are three participle forms in English.
3. There are four participle forms in English.
b) Which is the most frequently used participle form?
1. Present participle is the most frequently used participle form.
2. Past participle is the most frequently used participle form.
3. Perfect participle is the most frequently used participle form.
c) Which participle form is not used to make complex tenses?
1. Present participle is not used to make complex tenses.
2. Past participle is not used to make complex tenses.
3. Perfect participle is not used to make complex tenses.
 GRAMMAR EXERCISES Choose the correct
answer
a) What can present and past participle forms be used as?
1. They can be used as pronouns.
2. They can be used as adjectives.
3. They can be used as adverbs.
b) Which function is common to all participle forms?
1. They can be used to shorten long sentences.
2. They can be used to make the past form of infinitives.
3. They can be used to make complex tenses.
c) What is the rule when shortening or combining clauses with
a participle construction?
1. Both clauses should have the same tense.
2. Both clauses should happen at the same time.
3. Both clauses should have the same subject.
GRAMMAR EXERCISES Write the participles for
the following verbs.

present participle past participle perfect participle

work working worked having worked
go going gone having gone
come coming come having come
give giving given having given
write writing written having written
have having had having had
 GRAMMAR EXERCISES Rewrite the sentences
using perfect participle.
We switched off the lights before we went to bed.
Having switched off the lights we went to bed.
The boy asked his mother's permission and then went out to play.
Having asked his mother's permission the boy went out to play.
As he had drunk too much, he didn't drive home himself.
Having drunk too much he didn't drive home himself.
We have written two tests today, so we are very exhausted.
Having written two tests today we are very exhausted.
She filled the washing machine and switched it on.
Having filled the washing machine she switched it on.
 GRAMMAR EXERCISES Rewrite the sentences
using perfect participle.
She had been to the disco the night before and overslept in the morning.
Having been to the disco the night before she overslept in the morning.
We had worked in the garden all day and were sunburned in the evening.
Having worked in the garden all day we were sunburned in the evening.
She had not slept for two days and therefore wasn't able to concentrate.
Not having slept for two days she wasn't able to concentrate.
Since I had not seen him for ages, I didn't recognize him.
Not having seen him for ages I didn't recognize him.
I had not ridden a horse for a long time and found it very difficult to keep in
the saddle.
Not having ridden a horse for a long time I found it very difficult to keep in
the saddle.
 GRAMMAR EXERCISES Fill in the Perfect Participle.
Decide whether to use active or passive voice.
Having stopped the car, the police officer wanted to see the
documents.
Having written the test, we felt relieved.
Having worked all day, we were quite exhausted in the evening.
Having been sent to counter 24, I had to return to counter 3.
Having confessed, he was accused of even more criminal offences.
Having arrived at the station, we called a taxi.
Having been typed by the secretary, the letter was signed by the
boss.
Having been interrupted several times, he was rather annoyed.
Having lived in Oxford for two years, she spoke English like a native
speaker.
Having been rescued, the injured man was taken to hospital.
Conditional Clauses
GRAMMAR CONDITIONAL CLAUSES
 GRAMMAR EXERCISES Match the sentence
halves
a)If I'd known you were comingI would have bought some cakes.
b)If I hadn't eaten too much chocolateI wouldnt feel terrible.
c)What would you sayif he asked you out on a date?
d)If I hadn't taken a long time getting readyI wouldnt be late.
e)If you hadn't seen the carit would have hit us.
f) If you throw a sixdo you get another turn?
g)If I knew his email addressI could write to him.
h)We'll be lateif we dont hurry.
i) Would they buy that houseif it was a little bit cheaper?
 GRAMMAR EXERCISES Match the sentence
halves
a)If you'd followed the recipethe cake wouldnt be such a disaster.
b)She'd probably comeif you asked her nicely.
c)If you spoke Italianwould you go and live in Rome?
d)You wouldn't have hit that lorryif you hadnt been driving so fast.
e)If it wasn't raining so hardyou could all go outside.
f) You would have heard the doorbellif you hadnt had the music on
so loud!
g)If he had scored the penaltywe would have won the game.
h)I would have got/gotten you a presentif Id known it was your
birthday.
i) If you'd phoned up and reserved in advancewe would have
got/gotten a table.
 GRAMMAR EXERCISES Choose the correct form
in each sentence.
1.If/When my classes finish, I usually go to the gym.
2.She prefers reading to watching TV. If/When she watches TV, its
usually a documentary or a news program.
3.We keep in touch by e-mail. If/When I get an e-mail, I always write
back immediately.
4.If/When I was in New York I often went for a walk in the Central Park.
5.If I had had/had/ have enough money, I would go on a vacation
abroad.
6.I love to travel! When I had had/had/ have enough money, I
go abroad.
 GRAMMAR EXERCISES Choose the correct form
in each sentence.
1.If I had had/had/ have enough money, I would have gone on a
vacation with my friends, but I couldn't afford it.
2.Stop asking what she said. Even if I had known/knew/ know what she
said, I wouldnt tell you.
3.They dont speak English. If she were/was/had been with us, she
could translate for us.
4.I'm sorry, if I had known you were allergic to hazelnuts, I
made/would have made/would make you a different birthday cake.
5.My boss is sending me to Tokyo to attend a trade show.
I would never miss/would never have missed/would never missed
your wedding if I had a choice in the matter.
 GRAMMAR EXERCISES Choose the correct form
in each sentence.
1.If the weather is nice tomorrow, I walk/will walk/would walk to work.
2.When the weather is nice, I walk/will walk/would walk to work.
3.If the weather was nice, I walk/will walk/would walk to work.
4.If you help me tomorrow, I will treat/would treat/would treated you
to a dinner.
5.If you helped me tomorrow, I will treat/would treat/ would
treated you to a dinner.
6.If I were in Miami right now, I will surf/would surf/ would be surfing;
instead Im stuck here in this office with mountains of paperwork.
Asking Questions
 GRAMMAR Questions, the 1-2-3-4-5 format
revision
The method is called the 1-2-3-4-5 format! This format
arranges all questions (yes/no and information questions) in
any verb tense into a sequence of numbers. A number (from
1-5) is assigned to one particular syntactic structure or part of
the1 sentence in the
2 following order
3 4 5
information yes/no subject of the main sentence
questions questions sentence verb complements
Who, Where, Do, Does, Did,
noun phrase
When, What, Am, Is, Are, Have, verb phrase direct object,
may include
Why, How, How Has, Had, Will, one or more indirect
articles,
many, How much, Can, May, Should, words object, CC
adjectives, etc
and others others
 GRAMMAR Questions, the 1-2-3-4-5 format revision

For yes no questions invert the auxiliary and the subject. If there is no
auxiliary use do/does or did as appropriate.
For information questions do the inversion and add the appropriate
question word at the beginning.
For subject questions just replace the subject with the question word who.

1 2 3 4 5
answer Tom works in a school.
yes/no
Does Tom work in a school?
question
information
Where does Tom work?
question
subject
Who works in a school?
question
 GRAMMAR EXERCISES Put in What, Where, Why,
When, How into the gaps and form meaningful
questions.
Example: ____ often do you eat out?
Answer: How often do you eat out?
1. WHAT did you like best about the movie?
2. WHEN does Bill get up in the morning?
3. WHY don't you go by bus, Max?
4. WHAT hobbies does Andrew have?
5. WHERE do they go to every week?
6. HOW old is Mike?
7. WHEN is Susan's birthday?
8. WHERE are my exercise books?
9. WHAT are you doing at the moment, Sally?
10. WHERE do the Robinsons live?
 GRAMMAR EXERCISES Put in What, Where, Why,
When, How into the gaps and form meaningful
questions.
Example: ____ often do you eat out?
Answer: How often do you eat out?
1. WHAT is the weather like today?
2. WHY don't you like apple juice?
3. HOW about a walk through the forest?
4. HOW OFTEN do you play volleyball?
5. WHERE is my red sweatshirt, Mum?
6. HOW do Anne and Betty get to school every day?
7. WHEN does your father go to work?
8. WHERE is the dog's bone?
9. WHY are we going for a holiday by the sea again?
10. HOW do you like your coffee?
GRAMMAR EXERCISES All questions are wrong.
Write the correct questions into the gaps.
Example: How late is it? - Answer: - What's the time?
When begins the race? When does the race begin?
Sell you fish? So you sell fish?
Who does the trumpet play? Who plays the trumpet?
Where flew the plane? Where did the plane fly?
Do you have got a brother? Have you got a brother?
Plays Mike volleyball? Does Mike play volleyball?
Can the man the car drive? Can the man drive the car?
Why wrote you this letter? Why did you write this letter?
Do you can remember her name? Can you remember her name?
Think you not that it's time to go? Dont you think its time to go?
 GRAMMAR EXERCISES Write the questions
about the underlined parts of the text.
Example: The class plays football. Answer: What does the class play?
The common misconception is that the construction of roads in England
should have been easy.1 However, bog, hills and rivers2 made it difficult to
build roads in Britain. The earliest road was3 probably of the nature of
tracks for trading purposes. The Britons4 made chariots and weapons out
of lead, tin, and iron, and connected their hill towns with ports via tracks
and roads.5 The Romans6 built a complete system of permanent roads7 to
connect their military posts and trading towns.8 Along these roads9 they
constructed camps to protect industrial centers and roads leading to
them. The Roman roads were so well built that some of them have been in
use for up to 2000 years.10 The knowledge of constructing roads as well as
the idea that they should be the States responsibility disappeared with
the Romans.11 Since then the State has left the burden of constructing and
maintaining roads to individuals, private enterprise or to local
authorities.12
 GRAMMAR EXERCISES Write the questions
about the underlined parts of the text.
1. What is the common misconception about the construction of
roads in Britain?
2. What made it difficult to build roads in Britain?
3. Was the earliest road of the nature of tracks?
4. Who made chariots and weapons out of metal?
5. How did the Britons connect their hill towns with ports?
6. Who built a complete system of permanent roads in Britain?
7. What did the Romans build?
8. Why did the Romans build a complete system of permanent roads
in Britain?
9. Where did they construct camps?
10. How well were the Roman roads built?
11. What happened to the knowledge of constructing roads?
12. Who takes care of the British roads today?
Intensifiers
GRAMMAR INTENSIFIERS
 GRAMMAR EXERCISES Put the adjectives into
the correct group.
good Normal adjectives
bad
starving
awful
interesting
impossible
fantastic
hungry Strong adjectives
fascinating
small
difficult
minute
 GRAMMAR EXERCISES Choose the correct
intensifier in each sentence.
How was your exam? Not good. It was absolutely/really difficult.
Are you hungry? Hungry? Im absolutely/extremely starving!
So, did you enjoy the movie? No, I thought it was totally/very awful.
Do you think well get a pay rise this year? Well, if we do, itll be
extremely/totally small.
Did you have a good holiday? Yes, thanks, it was really/very fantastic.
I dont like history. No? I find it absolutely/very interesting.
 GRAMMAR EXERCISES Use the expressions to
complete each sentence in the most appropriate way.

1) She was a highly successful tennis player in her time. She

won loads of tournaments.
2) The car was so seriously damaged in the accident that it had
to be scrapped.
3) Tom was deliriously happy when he heard hed become a
grandfather. He couldnt stop smiling.
4) I was deeply disappointed by my teams performance last
night. It was terrible.
5) The restaurant was shut down when three people fell gravely
ill after eating there.
 GRAMMAR EXERCISES Use the expressions to
complete each sentence in the most appropriate way.

1) She is desperately unhappy working at the bank so shes

looking for a new job.
2) In order to be successful detective, you need to be keenly
observant.
3) I havent met her new boyfriend yet, but Ive seen him and
hes drop-dead gorgeous!
4) Professor Jones was a universally popular head of
department. Everyone was trully sorry to see him retire.
5) The government is firmly committed to reduce public debt,
and is therefore bitterly opposed to any increase in
spending.
 GRAMMAR EXERCISES Circle all possible
answers.
Shanghai is ___ bigger than London is ___ the biggest
Beijing. city in the EU.
a great deal a great deal
a lot a lot
by far by far
easily easily
far far
much much
Shanghai is a ___ bigger city London is the biggest city in
than Beijing. the EU ___.
a great deal a great deal
a lot a lot
by far by far
easily easily
far far
much much
 GRAMMAR EXERCISES Use the nouns to
complete the sentences
Last week was the worst week of my life. It was an
utter nightmare.
I cant believe Harry deleted all those emails. Hes a
complete idiot.
Paul and I have been very close since our school days.
Hes a real friend.
I tell you, Ive never seen that man before in my life.
Hes a complete stranger.
Theres no truth in those newspaper reports
whatsoever. Theyre a total fabrication.
Shes got a huge record collection. When it comes to
music, shes an absolute fanatic.
Prepositional Phrases
 GRAMMAR PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES

At the minimum, a prepositional phrase will begin with

a preposition and end with a noun, pronoun, gerund, or clause, the
"object" of the preposition.
The object of the preposition will often have one or
more modifiers to describe it. These are the patterns for a
prepositional phrase:
preposition + noun, pronoun, gerund, or clause
preposition + modifier(s) + noun, pronoun, gerund, or clause
A prepositional phrase will function as an adjective or adverb. As an
adjective, the prepositional phrase will answer the question Which
one?
As an adverb, a prepositional phrase will answer questions such
as How? When? or Where?
Neither the subject nor the verb will ever be a part of the
prepositional phrase.
 GRAMMAR EXERCISES Locate the prepositional
phrases in each sentence and put them into brackets.

By the end of the day, all of the dogs at the kennel were barking
noisily in their cages.
He stood on the beach and watched the ship beyond the dock slowly
maneuver itself past the markers and into the slip.
For some strange reason, my neighbor across the street parks his car
behind my garage.
The people from the nearest town brought donations throughout the
year for the victims of the hurricane.
Upon their arrival, the visitors were greeted at the door by Martin,
who had a sly grin on his face.
 GRAMMAR EXERCISES Locate the prepositional
phrases in each sentence and put them into brackets.

We'll put the notes under the cushion without any pillows over it.
Everyone except Bill ran toward the boy sitting near the dangerous
wire.
Between you and me, this seems like Paul's worst attempt ever.
Within two minutes, all of the trumpeters had laid their horns
beneath their chairs on the stage.
She positioned the needle over the skin above the cut and then
plunged it into each side of the gash with small, even strokes.
 GRAMMAR EXERCISES Choose the correct form.
We finally solved our problem ____ _____ bad weather, the trip will be
a new device created by our postponed to next week.
research and development In case
department. In case of
from means of In case to
by means of In case from
by means from
by means to _____ me, I will be happy to
dedicate a few extra hours to the
I'd rather have beer ____ wine. cause.
instead than As for
instead from As of
instead of As to
instead to As from
 GRAMMAR EXERCISES Choose the correct form.
How can they be going out?! Jane _____ the large number of requests
has nothing _____ Peter. we have received, we are extending
in common the sale to the end of the month.
in common to Due to
in common of Due of
in common with Due from
Due
We will have to postpone our trip
_____ the bad weather. There is a mysterious car _____ the
because gate.
because to in front of
because of in front to
because from in front from
in front
 GRAMMAR EXERCISES Choose the correct form.
She was a fearless woman who You will have to remember that,
acted _____ her health. _____ John, no one wants to work
without regard to on this problem.
without regard for apart to
without regard apart from
without regard of apart
apart of
______ your proposal Tom, I'm
afraid we won't be able to approve _____ John, they won't finish the
your project. project until the end of next week.
With regard According
With regard to According in
With regard of According from
With regard from According to
 GRAMMAR EXERCISES Choose the correct form.
I'm all ____ helping out the poor _____ my fellow employees, Id like
when in need. to thank management for all they
in favor of have done to improve our situation.
in favor to In behalf of
in favor for To behalf of
in favor from On behalf of
From behalf of
Because _____ interest in our
product, we are going to stop _____ our friendly staff, you'll find
production of the 'whamo ring'. our hotel provides everything you
the lack of could ever desire.
of the lack of In addition
the lack in In addition of
of the lack in In addition to
In addition from
 GRAMMAR EXERCISES Choose the correct form.
Please don't be angry with me. I I'm afraid I've charged you too much
didn't break the toy ______. _____. Sorry about that!
to purpose on mistake
from purpose from mistake
on purpose to mistake
about purpose by mistake

You are going to have to work Learning English is sometimes

overtime _____ your responsibilities difficult. However, you should
at home. remember that communication is
regardless to ______ the most important thing.
regardless of by far
regardless through by far of
regardless about by far to
by far from
 GRAMMAR EXERCISES Which sentence is NOT
correct? Correct the mistake.

He works in the first floor. He works on the first floor.

He lives in Park Street.
He works in the city centre.

My name is at the top of the list.

I live next from a railway line. I live next to a railway line.
Your wallet is right in front of you.

I saw Helen on the butchers today.I saw Helen at the butchers today.
I saw Helen in the butchers today.
I saw Helen at the butchers today.
 GRAMMAR EXERCISES Which sentence is NOT
correct? Correct the mistake.

The calendar is on the wall.

There are no vegetarian meals on the menu.
The prince died on the end of the film.
The prince died at the end of the film.

Turn right at the end of this street.

Tom is standing at the back of the queue.
Theres something written at the side of the box.
There is something written on the side of the box.
GRAMMAR EXERCISES Which sentence is NOT
correct? Correct the mistake.

Can you sign your name at the bottom please?

Sorry I missed you. I was at a meeting.
The school is at Kings Square. The school is on Kings Square.

The office is on the main road between Derby and Nottingham.

Theres something written on the back of the envelope.
She lives in a farm on the mountains.
She lives on a farm in the mountains.
Compound Nouns
 GRAMMAR COMPOUND NOUNS

two or more words which act as a single unit

can be modified by adjectives and other nouns.
three forms:
open or spaced - tennis shoe
hyphenated - six-pack
closed or solid bedroom
stress on the first word.
"a GREEN HOUSE" (a house which is painted green) vs.
"a GREENhouse (a building made of glass for growing plants inside)
plural is usually made by adding -s to the "base word or head
in compound nouns made of [noun + noun] the first noun is like an
adjective and therefore does not usually take an -s. A tree has many apples,
but we say an apple tree, not apples tree; matchbox not matchesbox;
toothbrush not teethbrush
GRAMMAR EXERCISES Match the following words to
make compound nouns, then translate them into
Croatian
Subway line linija podzemne eljeznice
Police station policijska postaja
Bike lane biciklistika staza
Traffic jam prometna guva
Parking space parkirno mjesto
Bus stop autobusna postaja
Taxi stand stajalite taxija
News stand novinski kiosk
GRAMMAR EXERCISES Using compound nouns,
can you shorten the following phrases?
a room for stores a storeroom
a tape for measuring up to 300 cm a 300-cm tape measure
the assistant manager of the the assistant restaurant manager
restaurant
a station for express trains an express-train station
size of cables cable size
reduction in cost cost reduction
two periods of three months two three-month periods
plugs with 3 pins 3-pin plugs
two steel boxes for the tools two steel boxes
the husband of my daughter my son-in-law
 GRAMMAR EXERCISES What is the meaning of
these compound nouns and what are they made of?
Word Parts Meaning
aircraft air (noun) + craft (noun) a craft that travels by air
airfield air (noun) + field (noun) a field for airplanes
airmail air (noun) + mail (noun) mail transported by air
crossroad cross (verb) + road (noun) two roads crossing each other
door-to- from the senders location to the
door (noun) + to (preposition)
door recipients location
 GRAMMAR EXERCISES What is the meaning of
these compound nouns and what are they made of?
Word Parts Meaning
messages sent or received
e-mail electronic (adjective) + mail (noun)
over a computer network
a road without toll
freeway free (adjective) + way (noun)
payment
high-tech high (adjective) + technology (noun) advanced technology
highway high (adjective) + way (noun) a main road
horsepower horse (noun) + power (noun) the power of one horse
 GRAMMAR EXERCISES What is the meaning of
these compound nouns and what are they made of?
Word Parts Meaning
lighthouse light (noun) + house (noun) a house that gives light
distance that is great,
long-distance long (adjective) + distance(noun)
long
a work or construction
network net (noun) + work (noun)
that is like a net
overseas over (adverb) + sea (noun) accross a sea
passport pass (verb) + port (noun) to pass through a port
 GRAMMAR EXERCISES What is the meaning of
these compound nouns and what are they made of?
Word Parts Meaning
pickup pick (verb) + up (preposition) to lift up
roll (verb) + on (preposition) + off a ship that you can roll on to
ro-ro ship
(preposition) + ship (noun) or roll off of
a way that a plane runs on
runway run (verb) + way (noun)
before taking off
a path for pedestrians on
sidewalk side (adjective) + walk (noun)
the side of the road
sky (noun) + scraper (noun from
skyscraper a thing that scrapes the sky
verb scrape)
 GRAMMAR EXERCISES What is the meaning of
these compound nouns and what are they made of?
Word Parts Meaning
a boat that tugs, pulls
tugboat tug (verb) + boat (noun)
other boats
under (preposition) + sea boat that travels under
U-boat
(noun) + boat (noun) the sea
a turn resembling letter
U-turn u (letter) + turn (noun)
u 180 degrees
a spoken message
voice (noun) + mail recorded or digitized
voice mail
(noun) for later playback to
the intended recipient
semi- (latin prefix) +
finished (adjective from a product that is not a
semi-finished product
verb finish) + product finished product
(noun)
 PRESENT SIMPLE
revision Historical Present
 GRAMMAR PRESENT SIMPLE Historical Present
The present tense is the base form of the verb: I work in London. But the third
person (she/he/it) adds an -s: She works in London.
With the present tense, we use do and does to make questions. We use does for
the third person (she/he/it) and we use do for the others. In questions about the
subjects we do not use do/does.
With the present tense we use does not (doesnt) for the third person (she/he/it)
and we use do not (dont) for the others to make negative sentences.
Use:
something that is true in the present:
something that happens again and again in the present; we also use adverbs
of frequency like sometimes, often, always, and never with the present
tense:
something that is always true:
something that is fixed in the future.
historical present, or dramatic/narrative present is used to narrate events
which have already happened as though they are happening now
 GRAMMAR EXERCISES Answer the questions
about the simple present tense.
Present simple forms are the same for all persons and numbers.
1) true
2) false
To make questions and negatives we must use an auxiliary. Which
one?
1) to be
2) to do
3) to have
What is the correct word order in questions?
1) question word-subject-main verb-other
2) question word-main verb-subject- other
3) question word-auxiliary verb-subject-past participle- other
4) question word-subject-auxiliary verb-past participle- other
 GRAMMAR EXERCISES Answer the questions
about the simple present tense.
What type of questions is the only exception to the above rule?
1) subject questions asking who does something
2) object questions asking what is done
3) adverbial questions asking how, when or where something is done
Which is not the function of simple present?
1) something that is happening at the moment of speaking
2) something that happens frequently or habitually
3) something that is an established fact
4) something that never happens
Which word is a clue for simple present?
1) ever
2) sometimes
3) last Friday
With simple present we can talk about:
1) present only
2) present and future
3) present, future, and even past
 GRAMMAR EXERCISES Answer the questions
about the simple present tense.
The simple present that is used to talk about past events is not called:
1) transitive present
2) narrative present
3) dramatic present
What types of text is the historical present often used in?
1) news headlines
2) accounts of history
3) jokes and anecdotes
4) sports stories
5) all of the above
A frequent use of historical present is highly recommendable as it
improves the quality of the text.
1) true
2) false
 GRAMMAR EXERCISES Tell a story or a joke

Tell a joke in English or write a short paragraph about a past

event (a piece of news, a sports event, an anecdote, etc.)
using the historical present.