FIRE & SAFETY IN

PETROLEUM REFINERY
 WHAT IS FIRE?

Fire is rapid self sustaining

oxidation process accompanied by
the evolution of varying intensities
of heat and light.
 Fire Hindu God
Do we want fire ?
Yes, not only want, we worship fire as a
Devta.
Havan
Deepak
Holi
Remember, we want fire within our
control.

In industry like Refinery, we are creating

fire for running the Refinery like

Fire in boilers, furnaces, heaters, flare,

welding, cutting, grinding etc.

We always desire controlled fire.

 ELEMENTS OF FIRE
Three basic element must be present for a fire to
occur i.e. Fuel , Heat and Oxygen. These three
components form the fire triangle and proper
combination of these three items invariably result to
a fire .

OXYGEN HEAT

FUEL
METHODS OF EXTINGUISHMENTS OF FIRE

1. STARVATION : ELIMINATION OF FUEL

2. SMOTHERING : LIMITING OF OXYGEN
3. COOLING : LIMITING TEMPERATURE

STARVATION : Removal / cut off the fuel supply.

SMOTHERING : Cut off the air / Oxygen

COOLING : Removal of heat / Temperature.

CLASSES OF FIRES

Class A

Class B

Class C

Class D

Class E

HEAT
 CLASSES OF FIRE
Class A fires involve ordinary combustible
material : wood and cloth Class A fires are usually
relatively slow in their initial development and growth,
and because these material are solids . they are
somewhat easier to contain . Class A fires leave an ash
after material has been consumed.

Class B Fires involve flammable and combustible

liquids like gasoline, Diesel, Naphtha, ATF etc. These
fires usually develop and grow very fast and
depend on the nature of the liquid. Class B material
are fluid in nature , which allows them to flow and
move. This makes dealing with them some what
more difficult than class A material. These material are
common in many settings. These fires typically do not
leave an ash.
 CLASSES OF FIRE
Class C Fires involves flammable gases like
LPG, Hydrogen, Acetylene etc. These fires usually
develop and grow very rapidly and depend on
the nature of the gas. Class C material are gas in
nature, which allows them to spread very fast as
per wind speed / direction. This makes dealing with
them very difficult than class B material. These
material are common in many settings. These fires
also do not leave an ash.

Class D Fires involve combustible metals such

as magnesium Titanium and zirconium.These
material are usually difficult to ignite but create
intense fires once started. Class D fires are very
difficult to extinguish but fortunately they are
relatively uncommon in most industries.
 SOURCE OF IGNITION

SOURCES OF EXAMPLE PREVENTIVE MEASURES

IGNITION
ELECTRICAL SPARKS FROM 1.USE OF APPROVED
EQUIPMENT MOTORS, SWITCHES, EQUIPMENT
LAMPS, HOT 2.FOLLOW NATION ELECTRICAL
ELEMENTS AND CODES
ELECTRICAL DEFECTS 3.PROPER MAINT.

FRICTION HOT BEARINGS, MIS- PREVENTIVE MAINT. AND

ALLIGNED OR PROPER LUBRICATION
BROKEN M/C PARTS,
CHOCKING, JAMMING
OF MATERIAL, POOR
ADJUSTMENT
OPEN FLAMES CUTTING AND STRICT COMPLIANCE OF
WELDING TORCHES PRECAUTIONS STIPULATED IN
GAS & OIL BURNERS THE FIRE PERMIT FOR HOT
JOBS.
 SOURCE OF IGNITION
SOURCES OF EXAMPLE PREVENTIVE MEASURES
IGNITION
SMOKING SMOKING BOOTHS IN 1.SMOKING ONLY IN AREAS
AREA WHERE PERMITTED.
COMBUSTIBLE ARE 2.USE OF PRESCRIBED
NOT USED RECEPTACLES FOR CIGARETTE
BUTTS
SPONTANEOUS PYROPHORIC IRON, 1.KEEP PYROPHORIC IRON WET
IGNITION HOT OIL LEAKAGE ARE THE TIME WHEN IT IS
TAKEN OUT.
HOT SURFACES CONTACT OF 1.PROVIDE PROPER INSULATION
COMBUSTIBLE AND AIR CIRCULATION.
MATERIAL WITHOUT
SURFACES, HEATED
LINES
 SOURCE OF IGNITION

SOURCES OF EXAMPLE PREVENTIVE MEASURES

IGNITION

STATIC DURING SPLASH 1. PROPER EARTHING OF

ELECTRICITY LOADING AND EQUIPMENT.
LOADING AT HIGH 2.DO NOT RESORT TO SPLASH
VELOCITIES LOADING
3.LOADING VELOCITY SHOULD
BE CONTROLLED

LIGHTNING THUNDERSTORM 1.PROPER LIGHTNING

CLOUD BURST ARRESTOR AND EARTH
CONTINUITY.
CLASSIFICATION OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS

CLASS A : LIQUID WHICH HAVE FLASH POINT BELOW 23OC.

CLASS B : LIQUIDS WHICH HAVE FLASH POINT OF 23OC AND

ABOVE BUT BELOW 65OC

CLASS C: LIQUID WHICH HAVE FLASH POINT OF 65OC AND

ABOVE BUT BELOW 93OC.

EXCLUDED PETROLEUM :

LIQUID WHICH HAVE FLASH POINT OF 93OC AND ABOVE.

LPG DO NOT FALL UNDER THIS CLASSIFICATION BUT FORM SEPARATE

CATEGORY.
AUTO IGNITION, FLASH POINT AND EXPLOSIVE LIMITS
OF SOME OF THE PETROLEUM PRODUCTS
S. MATERIAL AUTO IGNITION FLASH POINT EXPOSING RANGE VOLUME %
NO. TEMPERATURE OC IN AIR LOWER LIMIT UPPER
oC LIMIT
1 CRUDE OIL DEPENDS UPON 19 DEPENDS UPON THE NATURE
THE NATURE OF OF CRUDE
CRUDE
2. HYDROGEN 585 GAS 4.1 74.0
3 METHANE 538 GAS 5.0 15.0
4 ETHANE 514 GAS 3.0 12.5
5 PROPANE 466 GAS 2.4 9.5
6 BUTANE 430 GAS 1.5 9.0
7 BENZENE 563 -11 1.3 7.1
8 TOLUENE 536 4.5 1.2 7.2
9 NAPHTHA 288 -18 1.1 5.9
10 GASOLINE 245 -7 1.4 7.6
11 ATF 254.4 38 0.7 5
12 SKO 254 35 0.7 5
AUTO IGNITION, FLASH POINT AND EXPLOSIVE LIMITS
OF SOME OF THE PETROLEUM PRODUCTS
S. MATERIAL AUTO FLASH POINT EXPOSING RANGE VOLUME %
NO. IGNITION OC IN AIR LOWER LIMIT UPPER
TEMPERATUR LIMIT
E
13 HSD 256 32 0.7 5
14 LDO - 66 - -
15 LSHS 316 66-166 - -
16 HSHS - 65.6-148.9 - -
17 FO 262-407 - - -
18 BITUMEN 485 205 - -
19 RAW COKE - 315.6 - -
20 PHENOL EXTRACT 715 80 - -
21 SLACK WAX 245 198.9 - -
22 MINERAL TURPENTINE 253.3 32.2 - -
OIL
23 LPG 405-450 GAS 1.8 9.6
 FIRE PREVENTION
OBJECTIVE : TO ELIMINATE THE OCCURRENCE OF FIRE

REGULATIONS FOR THE PREVENTION OF FIRE

FIRE & EXPLOSION CONTRIBUTE A SERIOUS HAZARD TO THE

SUCCESSFUL OF HYDROCARBON PROCESSING INDUSTRY LIKE A
PETROLEUM REFINERY. THE FOLLOWING REGULATIONS SHOULD BE
STRICTLY FOLLOWED FOR PREVENTION OF FIRE.

REGULATION 1:

FIRE OR NAKED LIGHT, MATCHES, PETROL OR OTHER LIGHTERS,

MOBILE PHONE OR ANY APPARATUS WHICH IS CAPABLE OF CAUSING
IGNITION IS NOT PERMITTED TO BE TAKEN WITHIN THE BATTERY AREA
BY ANY PERSON.
 FIRE PREVENTION
REGULATION 2

NO FIRES SHALL BE LIT AND NO MATCHES IGNITED IN ANY PART OF

THE BATTERY AREA UNLESS A VALID FIRE PERMIT HAS BEEN
OBTAINED FROM THE AUTHORISED FIRE PERMIT SIGNATORIES OF
THE AREA AND REGISTERED AT THE FIRE STATION

REGULATION-3

SMOKING IS PROHIBITED IN ALL PARTS OF THE BATTERY AREA

EXCEPT IN THE SMOKING BOOTHS/LOCATIONS DULY APPROVED
FOR THIS PURPOSE.

REGULATION 4

1. CYCLE LAMPS, OTHER THAN DYNAMO OPERATED ONCE, ARE NOT

ALLOWED IN THE REFINERY BATTERY LIMITS. THE CYCLIST WILL
SWITCH OFF EVEN THE DYNAMO AS SOON AS HE ENTERS THE
PLANT AREA.
 FIRE PREVENTION
2. ORDINARY TORCHES WILL NOT BE USED WITHIN THE BATTERY
AREA. FLAME PROOF TORCHES/LAMPS OF APPROVED
MANUFACTURERS AS SUPPLIED BY THE REFINERY, SHALL ONLY BE
USED.

REGULATION-5

ALL VEHICLES TRANSPORTING PETROLEUM PRODUCTS FROM THE

REFINERY MUST BE FITTED ONLY WITH THOSE TYPES OF SPARK
FLAME ARRESTORS WHICH ARE DULY APPROVED BY THE CHIEF
CONTROLLER OF EXPLOSIVES.

REGULATION-6

PERSONS ENTERING THE REFINERY BATTERY LIMIT SHALL DEPOSIT

MATCH BOXES, LIGHTERS, MOBILE PHONE ETC WITH THE SECURITY
DEPARTMENT AT THE MAIN ENTRANCE GATE OF THE REFINERY.
PREPAREDNESS
FULLY TRAINED AND EXPERIENCED FIRE FIGHTING
CREW
Fire fighting Staff 25 F&S Operators
Fire & Safety Officers 09 Nos.
In a shift minimum 7 operators + 1 officer (round the
clock)

FIRE WATER SUPPLY NETWORK ALWAYS KEPT

PRESSURIESED

AUTO START PROVISION FOR FIRE WATER PUMPS

MUTUAL AID ARRANGEMENT WITH INDUSTRIES

LOCATED AT PANIPAT.
 PREPAREDNESS
FOAM COMPOUND TO THE TUNE OF 50,000 LITS. CAN ALSO BE
MOBILISED FROM THE IOCL MARKETING AND PIPE LINE
INSTALLATIONS LOCATED IN THE NEARBY VICINITY.
FULLY FIRE TRAINED CISF PERSONNEL - AT SITE FOR ALL
EMERGENCIES
ONSITE & OFFSITE EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT PLANS HAVE
BEEN DEVELOPED AND THEIR EFFECTIVENESS IS TESTED
PERIODICALLY BY MOCK DRILLS :

ONSITE EMERGENCY MOCK DRILL

-QUARTERLY
INTERNAL MOCK DRILLS -MONTHLY
FIRE MANAGEMENT

FIRE PREVENTION

FIRE PROTECTION
 FIRE / ACCIDENT PREVENTION

GENERAL LOSS CONTROL RULES

1. No matchbox / lighter inside plant

2. No smoking except designated place
3. No vehicle without spark arrester
4. No visitor without permission of area in-charge
5. No photography / video-graphy without
permission
6. No maintenance work without permit/clearance
7. No entry to work area without helmet
FIRE / ACCIDENT PREVENTION

8. No working at height (2 mtr) without safety belt

9. No walking on pipelines or false ceiling
10. Do not stand under suspended load
11. Do not tamper Fire fighting system
12. Do not exceed speed limit more than 25 KPH
Report all accident/ near-miss/incident to area
in charge and fire and safety
8. In case of toxic gas release , assemble at
designated locations.
TYPES OF FIRE PROTECTION

PASSIVE FIRE
PROTECTION

ACTIVE FIRE
PROTECTION
 PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION

FIRE PROOFING
DYKE WALLS
PROPER LAYOUT
SEGREGATION OF HAZARD
FIRE SEALS IN UNDERGROUND SEWAGE
PRESSURISATION OF ENCLOSURE
ELECTRIC RELAY, FUSES, CIRCUIT BREAKERS
CLOSE SYSTEM DEPRESSURISATION
VENTING OF PROCESS EQUIPMENTS & VESSELS
FIRE WALLS
ELCB
SAFETY VALVES
ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION
FIRE FIGHTING FACILITIES

A. FIRST AID FIRE FIGHTING

EQUIPMENTS.
B. MOBILE FIRE FIGHTING
EQUIPMENTS.
C. FIXED FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEMS
FIRST AID FIRE FIGHTING EQUIPMENTS

1. FIRE EXTINGUISHERS
DCP FIRE EXTINGUISHERS
CO2 FIRE EXTINGUISHERS
HALON EXTINGUISHERS
WATER BASE EXTINGUISHERS
FOAM EXTINGUISHERS
2. HOSE REELS
3. FIRE BLANKETS
 MOBILE FIRE FIGHTING EQUIPMENTS

1. FIRE FIGHTING TENDERS

FOAM TENDERS : 4 NOS.
DCP TENDER : 1 NO.
FOAM NURSER : 2 NOS.

2. MOBILE HVLRS
4000 GPM 1 NO.
750 GPM 4 NOS.

3. TRAILOR PUMPS 2 NOS. 1800 LPM.

4. FIRE JEEP 2 NOS.

 FIXED FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEMS
1. FIRE WATER NET WORK
2. FIRE WATER BOOSTER PUMPS
3. FIRE WATER STORAGE
4. FIRE HYDRANTS.
5. FIRE MONITORS
6. FOAM POURERS IN STORAGE TANKS
7. HIGH VOLUME LONG RANGE MONITORS
8. ELEVATED REMOTE OPERATED MONITORS
9. AUTOMATIC FIRE DETECTION AND EXTINGUISHING
SYSTEMS IN TANKS.
10. LOCAL FIRE WATER BOOSTER PUMPS IN NEW UNITS.
11. SMOKE DETECTORS IN BULDINGS & SUB STATIONS.
12. GAS DETECTORS IN UNITS.
 FIXED FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEMS
13. FIRE WATER SPRINKLERS
14. CO2 FLOODING SYSTEMS IN GTs
15. CLEAN AGENT BASE DETECTION AND EXTINGUISHING
SYSTEM IN NEW CONTROL ROOMS.
16. FIELD ALARM POINTS
17. FIRE SIRENS
18. FIRE CALL PHONE SYSTEM
101 / 4333
 FIRE WATER STORAGE / SUPPLY

1.FIRE WATER STORAGE : 24,000M3

2. FIRE WATER PUMP HOUSE : 2 NOS.
3. TOTAL FIRE WATER PUMPS : 11 NOS.
(TOTAL CAPACITY
11000 m3/hr)

4. FIRE STATION : MANNED ROUND THE

CLOCK

5. WATER SPRINKLERS : IN LPG FACILITIES,

PETROLEUM
STORAGE TANKS,
PUMP HOUSES&
VESSELS OF UNITS.
6. FRESH WATER SUPPLY:

3 NOS. FIRE WATER RESERVOIRS OF 8000 CU.M EACH,

CONNECTED WITH MUNAK CANAL.

7. FIRE PROTECTION : ADEQUATE TO HANDLE

SYSTEM ADEQUACY DOUBLE FIRE CONTINGENCY
(MEETING OISD NORM)

FOAM COMPOUND STOCK

AFFF 1,03,000 LTRS
(AS PER OISD 75000 LIT)

DCP 10000 KGS.

FIRE PROTECTION FACILITIES MEET OISD-116 NORMS AND

ARE ADEQUATE
SAFETY
ASPECTS
 MISCONCEPTION ON SAFETY
ACCIDENTS HAPPEN THEY ARE INEVITABLE.

IF A PERSON IS DESTINED TO MEET WITH AN ACCIDENT NO MORTAL

EFFORTS CAN SAVE HIM.

WHERE THERE IS HUGE MACHINERIES AND FAST MOVING

PRODUCTION LINES ACCIDENTS ARE INEVITABLE.

SAFETY RULES ARE FOR NEW COMERS AND NOVICES.

A WILLING WORKER WILL MEET WITH AN ACCIDENT NOT THE IDLER.

IT NEEDS A REAL HE-MAN TO FACE IT.

SAFETY RULES ARE MANAGEMENTS BABY; WHY SHOULD BOTHER.

MAINTAINING SAFETY IS A MANAGERIAL FUNCTION.

 NEED FOR SAFETY

ECONOMIC LEGAL HUMAN SOCIAL

ASPECTS ASPECTS ASPECTS ASPECTS
LOSS OF (STATUTORY PHYSICAL GENETIC
PRODUCTION OBLIGATION) INJURY
ECOLOGICAL
LOSS OF REPARATION
LOSS TO NATION
CAPITAL ON FAMILY
POLLUTION OF
LOSS OF MORAL LOSS
STREAM AND
MANPOWER
AIR
MEDICAL
COMPENSATION
COST OF
TRAINING
LOSS OF WAGES
BUSINESS
INTERRUPTIONS
 PRINCIPLE OF ACCIDENT PREVENTION
BASIC PHILOSOPHY OF ACCIDENT PREVENTION IS ACCIDENTS DO NOT
JUST HAPPEN, THEY ARE CAUSED.

(i) DEFINITION OF ACCIDENT

AN ACCIDENT IS AN UNPLANNED AND UNCONTROLLED EVENT IN

WHICH THE ACTION OR REACTION OF AN OBJECT, SUBSTANCE,
PERSON, OR RADIATION RESULTS IN PERSONAL INJURY OR THE
PROBABILITY THEREOF.

(ii) DEFINITION OF SAFETY

A SUBJECT COMBINATION OF ARTS, SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

WHICH GIVES FREEDOM FROM A CONDITION WHICH MAY LEAD TO
INJURY OR OTHER LOSS.
 LOSS CONTROL TERMINOLOGIES
LOSS AVOIDABLE WASTE OF ANY RESOURCE.

HAZARD A CONDITION OR PRACTICE WITH THE POTENTIAL FOR

ACCIDENTAL LOSS.

RISK- A MEASURE OF HOW LIKELY AND HOW SERIOUS THE INCIDENT

CAN BE.

RISK EVALUATION AN ASSESSMENT OF PROBABILITY AND

SEVERITY OF RESULTS IF A HAZARD RESULTS IN LOSS.

ACCIDENT AN EVENT WHICH RESULTS IN UNINTENDED HARM OR

DAMAGE.

INCIDENT AN EVENT WHICH COULD HAVE RESULTED IN

UNINTENDED HARM OR DAMAGE.

SAFETY CONTROL OF ACCIDENTAL INJURY OR DAMAGE.

 COST OF ACCIDENTS

INJURY & ILLNESS COST

MEDICAL
$1 COMPENSATION COSTS (INSURED COSTS)

BUILDING DAMAGE
$5 TO $50 Ledger TOOLS & EQUIPMENT DAMAGE
Costs of Property PRODUCT & MATERIAL DAMAGE
Damage EXPENSES ON EMERGENCY SUPPLIES &
(Uninsured costs) EQUIPMENTS
REPAIR & REPLACEMENT COSTS
INVESTIGATION TIME
WAGES PAID FOR LOST TIME
$1 to $3 COST OF HIRING/TRAINING/REPLACEMENT
Uninsured OVERTIME
Miscellaneous EXTRA SUPERVISORY TIME
Costs CLERICAL TIME
DECREASED OUTPUT OF INJURED PERSON
ON RETURN
LOSS OF BUSINESS
 GOALS OF LOSS CONTROL MANAGEMENT
1. IDENTITY ALL LOSS
4. IMPLEMENT THE PLAN
EXPOSURES.
SET STANDARDS
PLANNED INSPECTIONS.
TRAIN EMPLOYEES
GROUP MEETINGS
PUT PLAN TO WORK
ACCIDENT INVESTIGATIONS &
REPORTS. 5. MONITOR THE PLAN
2. EVALUATE THE RISK MEASURE THE PERFORMANCE
HI-PO IDENTIFICATION EVALUATE PROGRESS
RISK SEVERITY REVIEW & REVISE
FREQUENCY OF EXPOSURE
PROBABILITY OF LOSS.
3. DEVELOP A PLAN
TERMINATE
TREAT
TRANSFER
TOLERATE
 ACCIDENT RATIO STUDY

1 SERIOUS OR MAJOR INJURY

10 MINOR INJURIES

30
PROPERTY DAMAGE ACCIDENTS

INCIDENTS WITH NO VISIBLE INJURY OR

600
DAMAGE

THOUGH IMMEDIATE CAUSES OF ACCIDENTS ARE DIFFERENT, BASIC

CAUSES ARE THE SAME.

IT INDICATES THAT LOT OF EVENTS WHICH ARE INCIDENCES, PROPERTY

DAMAGES OR MINOR ACCIDENTS TAKE PLACE BEFORE A MAJOR
ACCIDENT OCCURS.

STUDY OF INCIDENTS PROVIDES OPPORTUNITIES TO CONTROL OF

PROPERTY DAMAGE AND INJURIES (MINOR & MAJOR).
 LOSS CAUSATION MODEL

INCIDENT T LOSS
H
R
E
EVENT S UNINTENDED
H HARM OR
O
L DAMAGE
D
L
I
M
I
T
 LOSS CAUSATION MODEL

LACK OF BASIC IMMEDIATE

CONTROL CAUSES CAUSES

INADEQUATE PERSONAL SUBSTANDARD

SYSTEM FACTORS ACTS /

PRACTICES
STANDARDS JOB /SYSTEM

COMPLIANCE FACTORS SUBSTANDARD

CONDITIONS
Important Definitions
FLASH POINT

THE FLASH POINT OF A LIQUID IS THE LOWEST TEMPERATURE AT

WHICH SUFFICIENT VAPOUR GIVEN OFF TO FLASH ON THE

APPLICATION OF FLAME IN THE PRESENCE OF AIR.

AUTO IGNITION

THE LOWEST TEMPERATURE TO WHICH A SOLID ,LIQUID OR GAS

REQUIRES TO BE RAISED TO CAUSE SELF-SUSTAINED COMBUSTION

WITHOUT INITIATION BY A SPARK OR FLAME.

Important Definitions

EXPLOSIVE LIMITS

EXPLOSIVE LIMITS ARE THOSE CONCENTRATIONS OF A VAPOR OR GAS

IN AIR BELOW OR ABOVE WHICH PROPAGATION OF A FLAME DOES
NOT OCCUR ON CONTACT WITH A SOURCE OF IGNITION.

THE LOWER EXPLOSIVE LIMIT IS THE MINIMUM CONCENTRATION

BELOW WHICH THE VAPOR AIR MIXTURE IS TOO LEAN TO BURN OR
EXPLODE.

THE UPPER EXPLOSIVE LIMIT IS THE MAXIMUM CONCENTRATION ABOVE

WHICH THE VAPOR AIR MIXTURE IS TOO RICH TO BURN OR
EXPLODE.
BURNING CHARACTERISTICS OF
HYDROCARBONS
HEAT WAVE CHARACTERISTICS
WHEN HEAVY FUEL OILS OR CRUDE BURN, THE HIGH
GRAVITY LOW BOILING POINT HYDROCARBONS GET
BURNT AT THE SURFACE & HIGH BOILING POINT
HYDROCARBONS SINK TOWARDS THE BOTTOM
FORMING A LAYER OF HOT OIL BELOW THE SURFACE.
THIS LAYER HOT OIL EXTENDS TOWARD THE BOTTOM
OF THE TANK AT A RATE DEPENDING ON THE TYPE
OF OIL INVOLVED. THIS IS CALLED THE HEAT WAVE.
BURNING CHARACTERISTICS OF
HYDROCARBONS
BOIL OVER
THE HEAT WAVE WHICH DEVELOPS IN CRUDE OIL OR
HEAVY OILS, WHEN IT COMES IN CONTACT WITH
WATER UNDER THE OIL SURFACE CAUSES THE UPPER
LAYER OF WATER TO CONVERT IMMEDIATELY INTO
STEAM CAUSING TREMENDOUS INCREASE IN VOLUME.
THE STEAM OIL FORTH COMES OUT AS A WAVE OF
BURNING OIL OUT OF THE TANKS & THEN FALLS
SPREADING EVEN BEYOND THE DYKE WALLS OF THE
TANK. THIS IS CALLED THE BOIL OVER.
BURNING CHARACTERISTICS OF
HYDROCARBONS
SLOP OVER
THE SLOP OVER IS NOT A VIOLENT ERUPTION LIKE BOIL OVER, IT IS AN
OVERFLOW OF THE CONTENTS OF THE TANK, WHICH IS CAUSED
WHEN A WATER STREAM IS APPLIED TO THE HOT SURFACE OR
BURNING OIL. THE WATER FIRST SINKS INTO THE HEAT WAVE & IS
EXPANDED IN STEAM. THE STEAM EXPANDS IN THE HOT OIL TO A
GREATER CAPACITY THAN THE ULLAGE OF THE TANK & THUS
CAUSES A SPILL OVER THE TOP OF THE TANK.
THANK YOU