Continuum Mechanics

(MTH487)
Lecture 28

Instructor
Dr. Junaid Anjum
Aims and Objectives

The first and second laws of Thermodynamics

Some definitions (entropy, specific heat, internal
energy, kinetic energy etc )
Law of Conservation of Energy
The Energy Equation
Some Examples
The principle of virtual work
Law of Conservation of Energy
The material time derivative of the kinetic plus internal energies is equal to
the sum of the rate of work of the surface and body forces, plus all other
energies that enter or leave the body per unit time.

1 1
K t v v dV vi vi dV : kinetic energy
2 V 2 V

S V
Pt tin vi dS bi vi dV : mechanical power (work done by body
and surface forces)

K
v t
V
i ji , j
bi dV

K
b v v t
V
i i i ij , j
vi , j tij dV
Law of Conservation of Energy
K
b v v t v t dV
V
i i i ij , j i , j ij

V
K b v dV t v dS t d dV
i i
S
i
n
i
V
ij ij

stress power
K S P S
t d dV T : DdV
V
ij ij
V
: stress work

dV
d
S
dt V

d U : internal energy
S U udV u dV
dt V V u : specific internal energy

1

vi vi u dV bi vi dV tin vi dS

d
dt V 2 V S

K U P
Law of Conservation of Energy
K U P
For a thermomechanical continuum
r : heat supply

Rate at which thermal
Q rdV qi ni dS qi : heat flux energy is added
V S

Fouriers law of heat conduction

qi ,i or q ,i : temperature gradient
: thermal conductivity
K U P Q : first law of thermodynamics

d

1
vi vi u dV
V 2 bi vi r dV
t v - q n dS
i
n
i i i
dt V S
Law of Conservation of Energy
d

1

vi vi u dV bi vi r dV
t v - q n dS
i
n
i i i
dt V 2 V S

u t d
V
ij ij
r qi ,i dV 0

or

u T : D r q dV 0
V

S T : DdV
V
U
u dV
V
Q
rdV q n dS
V S
i i

S U Q : thermal energy balance

u tij dij r qi ,i 0
or : energy equation
u T : D r q 0
Second Law of Thermodynamics

S s dV s : specific entropy per unit mass
V

r

dH q
n dS dV : net external entropy supplied
dt S V

The net entropy production within V must be non-negative

dS dH
0
dt dt

ds qi r
0 : second law of thermodynamics
dt ,i
Stress power
Problem 1: For a certain continuum at rest, the stress is given by
tij p0 ij
where p0 is a constant. Use the continuity equation to show that for this case
the stress power may be expressed as
p0
tij dij

Energy equation
Problem 2: Show that one way to express the rate of change of kinetic
energy of the material currently occupying the volume V is by the equation

K

V
bi vi dV

V
tij vi , j dV vi tin dS
S
Energy equation
Problem 3: Consider a continuum for which the stress is tij p0 ij and
which obeys the heat conduction law qi ,i . Show that for this medium
the energy equation takes the form
u p0vi ,i r ,ii u tij dij r qi ,i 0
or
u T : D r q 0
Energy equation
Problem 4: If mechanical energy only is considered, the energy balance can
be derived from the equations of motion. Verify that one form of the result is

1
v v trT D b v divT v 0
2
Principle of virtual work

Wext Wint K
Principle of virtual work
Consider a body B whose boundary is given by S. Let the body be subjected
to surface forces t n and body force b.
displacement boundary conditions u u are prescribed on the part of the
boundary, S u
traction boundary conditions t n n T are applied on the portion of the
boundary S T
A displacement field is kinematically admissible if
u satisfies the displacement boundary condition u u on S u
u is continuously differentiable u C 3 R
u 1
A statically admissible stress field
satisfies the equations of motion
traction boundary condition t n n T on S T
A kinematically admissible velocity field
satisfies v 0 on S u
 Aims and Objectives
The first and second laws of Thermodynamics
K U P Q : first law of thermodynamics

dS dH
0
dS qi r
0 : second law of thermodynamics
dt dt dt ,i

The Energy Equation

u tij dij r qi ,i 0
or
u T : D r q 0

The principle of virtual work

S T
tivi dS bivi dV
V t d dV v v dV
V
ji ij
V
i i