AUDIO

CONFERENCING
 Audio conferencing is also known as
telephone/phone conferencing, Teleconferencing is an
alternative delivery system in which instruction may
happen through telecommunications system. Exchange
of ideas, information and messages are articulated
remotely from the teacher to students and vice versa
with the use of a telephone or computer.
Below are the following
pointers to make the
instruction interactive:
*Acknowledge all contributions and inputs of the
students.
*If students wish to say something, apply the
interruption protocol which is the equivalent of
raising hands of the students in a face-to-face
instruction. Name of students is requested to be stated
to be recognized.
*Respond to answers positively.
*Allow the students appropriate time to think prior
to giving of answers to the questions or problem
raised.
*Have a small group discussion when solving
complex problems.
*Manage the participation of each student to avoid
students dominating the teaching and learning
process.
*Encourage the students to do more of talking.
 VIDEO
CONFERENCING
 Video conferencing is used by teachers and students
to transmit course work at a distance. This is another
convenient delivery system that schools apply to have
teaching and learning even at a distance. Some
educators would call it as interactive video
conferencing where interaction may happen in a small
or big group where participants and the teacher
converse and see each other through a video.
Influences on the Heros Boyhood
1. Hereditary influence
2. Environmental influence
3. Aid of the Divine Providence
- Tio Jose Alberto he develop the artistic ability of
Rizal.
- Tio Manuel he guided Rizal on his physical
exercises.
- Tio Gregorio intensified Rizals voracious reading of
good books.
- Father Leoncio Lopez fostered Rizals love for
scholarship and intellectual honesty.
 Early Education in Calamba and Bian
- The first teacher of Rizal was his mother, who was
remarkable woman of good character and fine culture.
- Maestro Celestino first private tutor.
- Maestro Lucas Padua science tutor.
- Leon Monroy a former classmate of his father, that
instructed in Spanish and Latin. He diedfive months
later.
- June 1869 Rizal left Calamba to study in Bian,
accompanied byPaciano.
- Maestro Justiniano Aquino Cruz Rizals first teacher in
Bian.
Early Education in Calamba and Bian
- Pedro his classmate that challenge him to fight.
- Andres Lakindanan challenged Rizal to an wrestling
match.
- Juancho an old painter who was the father-in-law of
the school teacher; freely give Rizal lesson in
drawing and painting.
- December 17, 1870 he left Bian after one year and a
half of schooling.
- Arturo Camos a French friend of Rizals father who
took care of him on board.
Martyrdom of GomBurZA
- January 20, 1872 about 200 Filipino soldiers and
workmen of the Cavite arsenal under the leadership
of Sgt. Lamadrid (he was Filipino, but rose in mutiny
because of the abolition of their usual privileges).
- Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos, Jacinto Zamora were
executed at sunrise of February 17, 1872, by the order
of Governor-General Izquierdo.
- The martyrdom of the GomBurZa in 1872 truly Rizal
to fight the evils of Spanish tyranny and redeem his
oppressed people.
- Rizal dedicated his second novel El Filibusterismo to
GomBurZa.
 Injustice to Rizals Mother
- June 1872 Doa Teodora was suddenly arrested on a
malicious charge that she and her brother Jose Alberto,
tried to poison the latters perfidious wife.
- Antonio Vivencio del Rosario Calambas gobernadorcillo,
who helped to arrest Doa Teodora.
- After arresting Doa Teodora, the sadistic Spanish
lieutenant forced her to walk from Calamba to Santa
Cruz, Laguna (50km.).
- Doa Teodora was incarcerated at the provincial prison,
where she languished for two years.
- Francisco de Marcaida and Manuel Marzan the most
famous lawyers of Manila that defend Doa Teodora.
 Scholastic Triumph at Ateneo de Manila
- Ateneo Municipal, a college under the supervision of the Spanish Jesuits.
- Escuela Pia (Charity School) formerly name of Ateneo, a school for
poor boys in Manila which was established by the city government
1817.
- June 10, 1872 Rizal was accompanied by Paciano on his way to Manila.
- Father Magin Ferrano he was the college registrar, who refused to
admit Rizal in Ateneo for two reason: a) he was late or registration b) he
was sickly and undersized for his age.
- Manuel Xerez Burgos because of his intercession, nephew of Father
Burgos, Rizal was reluctantly admitted Ateneo.
- He registered Rizal as his surname since Mercado was suspected by the
Spanish authorities.
- Rizal was first board in a house outside in Caraballo Street. This was
owned by a spinster named Titay who owed the family the amount of
300 pesos.
 Jesuits System of Education
- It trained the character of the students by rigid discipline and religious
instructions.
- Students were divided into two groups:
- Roman Empire consisting of internos (boarders); red banner.
- Carthaginian Empire composed of the externos (non-boarders); blue
banner.
- Intelligence distribution:
- Emperor 1st
- Tribune 2nd
- Decurion - 3rd
- Centurion 4th
- Stand 5th
- The Ateneo students wore a uniform consisted of hemp-fabric trousers
and striped cotton coat. The coat material was called ravadillo.
 First Year in Ateneo (1872-1973)
- Father Jose Bech Rizals first professor in Ateneo who he described as
tall thin man, with a body slightly bend forward, a harried walk, an
ascetic face, severe and inspired, smell deep-sunken eyes, a sharp nose
that was almost Greek, and thin lips forming an arc whose fell toward
the chin.
- A Religious picture a Rizals first prize for being brightest pupil in the
whole class.
- To improve his Spanish, he took private lessons in Santa Isabel College
during noon recesses. He paid three pesos for those extra Spanish
lessons.
- At the end of the school year in March, 1873, he returned to Calamba
for summer vacation.
- When the summer vacation ended, Rizal returned to Manila for his
second year term in Ateneo. This time he boarded inside Intramuros at
No. 6 Magallanes Street. His landlady was an old widow name Doa
Pepay.
 Second Year in Ateneo (1873-1874)
- At the end of the school year, Rizal received excellent grades
in all subjects and a gold medal.
- The Count of Monte Cristo (Alexander Dumas) the first
favourite novel of Rizal which made a deep impression on
him.
- Universal History (Cesar Cantu) Rizal persuaded his father to
buy him this set of historical work that was a great aid in his
studies.
- Dr. Feodor Jagor a German scientist-traveller who visited the
Philippines 1859-1860 who wrote Travels in the Philippines.
He was impressed in this book because; 1) Jagors keen
observation of the defects of Spanish colonization, and, 2) his
prophecy that someday Spain would lose the Philippines and that
America would come to succeed her as colonizer.
 Third and Fourth Year in Ateneo (1874-
1876)
- Rizal's grades remained excellent in all subjects but e won
only one medal Latin.
- At the end of the school year, Rizals returned to Calamba
for the vacation. He himself was not impressed by his
scholastic work.
- June 16, 1875 Rizal became an interno of the Ateneo.
- Padre Francisco de Paula Sanchez a great educator and
scholar, one of Rizals professors who inspired him to
study harder and to write poetry. Rizal described this Jesuit
professor as model of uprightness, earnestness, and love
for the advancement of his pupils.
- Rizals topped all his classmates ain all subjects and on five
medals at the end of the school term.
 Last Year in Ateneo (1876-1877)
- Rizals studies continued to fare well. As a matter-of-fact, the excelled in
all subjects. The most brilliant Atenean of his time, he was truly the pride
of the Jesuits.
- March 23, 1877 Commencement Day, Rizal who was 15 years old,
received from his Alma Mater; the Degree of Bachelor of Arts, with
highest honour.
- Marian Congeragtion a religious society wherein Rizal was an active
member and later became the secretary.
- Rizal cultivated his literary talent under the guidance of Father Sanchez.
- Father Jose Vilaclara advised Rizal to stop communing with the muse and
pay mote attention to more practical studies.
- Rizal studies painting under the famous Spanish painter, Agusti Saez, and
sculpture under omualdo de Jesus; a noted Filipino sculptor.
- Rizal carved an image of the Virgin Mary on a piece of batikuling with his
pocket-knife.
- Father Lieonart impressed by Rizals sculptural talent, requested him to
carve for him an image of Sacred Heart of Jesus.
 Poems in Ateneo
- It was Doa Teodora who was first discovered the poetic genius
of her son, and it also she who first encourage him to write
poems. However, it was Father Sanchez who inspired Rizal to
take full of his God-given gift in poetry.
- Mi Primera Inspiracion (My First Inspiration), 1874, the Rizal
probably wrote during days in Ateneo which was dedicated to
his mother on her birthday; Rizal wrote he was 14 years old.
1875 (inspired by Father Sanchez)
1. Felicitacion
2. El Embarque: Himno a la Flota de Magallanes
3. Y Es Espaol:Elcano el Primero en dar la Vuelta al Mundo
4. El Combate: Urbiztondo, Terror de Jolo
5. Al Nio Jesus (To the Child Jesus) brief ode.
 Poems in Ateneo
1876 (religion, education, childhood and memories of war)
1. Un Recuerdo a Mi Pueblo (In Memory of My Town) honour for his
hometown Calamba.
2. Alianza Intima Entre la Religion y la Buena Education (Intimate Alliance
Between Religion and Good Education) shows the importance of religion
and education.
3. Por la Educacion Recibe Lustre la Patria (Through Education the Country
Receives Light) education plays in the progress and welfare a nation.
4. El Cautiverio y el Triunfo: Batalla de Lucenas y Prison Boabdil (The
Captivity and the Triumph: Battle of Lucena and the Imprisonment of Boadbil)
the defeat and capture of Boabdil, the last Sultan of Granada.
5. La Entrada Triunfal de los Reyes Catolices en Granada (The Triumphal
Entry of the Catholic Monarchs into Granada) victorious entry of King
Ferdinand and Queen Isabel of Spain to Granada.
6. San Eustacio, Martir (St. Eustace, The Martyr) prose story of St. Eustace.
 Poems in Ateneo
1877
1. El Heroismo de Colon (The Heroism of Columbus) poem
praises Columbus.
2. Colon y Juan II (Columbus and John II) relates how King John
II of Spain missed fame and riches by his failure to finance the
projected expedition of Columbus to the New World.
3. Gran Cunsuelo en la Mayor Desdicha (Great Solace in Great
Misfortune) a legend relates to the tragic life of Columbus.
4. Un Dialogo Aluviso a la Despedida de los Colegiales (A
Farewell Dialogue of the Students) farewell to his classmates in
Ateneo.
5. A la Virgen Maria (To the Virgin Mary) another religious
poem which doesnt have exact date when it was written.
 Life in the University of Santo Tomas
(1877-1882)
- After finishing the first year of a course in Philosophy and
Letters (1877-1878). He transferred to the medical course.
- April 1877 he enrolled in the UST taking Philosophy and
Letters because; 1) his father like it, 2) he was still uncertain
as to what career to pursue.
- Father Pablo Ramon Rector of Ateneo, who had been
good to him his students days in that college, asking for
advice on the choice of a career but unfortunately he was
in Mindanao.
- During Rizals first school term in the UST, Rizal also
studied in Ateneo. He took the vocational course leading
to the title of perito agrimensor (expect surveyor).
Life in the University of Santo Tomas
(1877-1882)
- Rizal excelled in all subjects in the surveying course
in Ateneo, obtaining gold medals in agriculture and
topography. He passed all the subject but the title
was no issued to him because he was only 17 years-
old, underage. The title was issued to him on
November 25, 1881- the title was issued to Rizal for
passing the final examination in the surveying
course.
- Liceo Artistico-Literario (Artistic-Literay Lyceum of
Manila) society of literary men and artists held a
literary contest in the year 1879. He also served as
the President of the Spanish Literature in Ateneo.
Life in the University of Santo Tomas
(1877-1882)
- While at UST, he fell in love with three women.
During his first year, he fell in love with a woman
simply called Miss L, a woman with a fair,
seductive and attractive eyes. The romance dead a
natural death because of two reasons: (1) the sweet
memory of Segunda Katigbak was still fresh to in his
memory a and, (2) Rizals father did not like the
family of Miss L.
- During his sophomore year, he courted Leonor
Valenzuela, a tall girl with regal bearing. Rizal sent
her love notes in invisible ink. But just like Segunda
he also stopped visiting her.
 Life in the University of Santo Tomas
(1877-1882)
- During his junior year, Rizal had romance with Leonor
Rivera, of Camiling, Tarlac. Leonor was a pretty girl and
a students of La Concordia Colllege. Both Rizal and
Leonor were engaged, he used the sign name Taimis to
cover their relationship from their parents.
- Rizal studied in UST from 1878-1882. his grade in
Medicine consists of 2 excellent, 3 very good, 8 good,
and 2 fair (physics and general pathology). His grades in
UST College of Medicine were not as impressive as what
he got at Ateneo Philosophy and Letters due to the
hostility of the Dominican professors. Accordingly,
laboratory equipment's are just for display and racial
discrimination against the Filipino students.
 Education in University of Santo Tomas
(1877-1882)
- A La Juventud (To the Filipino Youth) at 18, submitted tis
poem, it is inspiring poem of flawless form. This poem won
as a classic Filipino literature for two reasons: a) it was a great
poem in Spanish written by the Filipino, whose merit was
recognized by Spanish literary authorities, 2) expressed for the first
time the nationalistic concept that the Filipino, and not the
foreigners, were the fair hope of the Fatherland. The Board of
Judges, composed of Spaniards was impressed by Rizals
poem and gave it gave it the first prize which consisted of a
silver pen, feather-shaped and decorated with a gold ribbon.
- A Filipinas a sonnet written by Rizal for the album of the
Society of Sculptors; in this sonnet, he urged all Filipino
artists to glorify the Philippines.
Education in University of Santo Tomas
(1877-1882)
- Abd-el-Azis y Mahoma poem honouring the Ateneo
Patroness.
- Al M.R.P Pablo Ramon poem dedication to Father
Pablo Ramon (Atenean Rector), who had been so
kind and helpful to him.
- Vicenta Ybardolaza a pretty girl colegiala who
skillfully played a harp at the Regalado home, whom
Rizal was infatuated.
- Compaerismo (Comradeship) Rizal founded a secret
society of Filipino students in UST 1880.
- Galicano Apacible Rizals cousin from Batangas who
is the secretary of the society.
Unhappy Days in UST
- Rizal found the atmosphere at the UST suffocating to
his sensitive spirit. He was unhappy at this Dominican
institution of higher learning because 1) the Dominican
professors were hostile to him 2) the Filipino students were
racially discriminated by the Spaniards 3) the method of
instruction was obsolete and repressive.
- In Rizal novel, El Filibusterismo, he described how the
Filipino students were humiliated and insulted by
their Dominican professors and how backward the
method of instruction was, especially in the teaching of
the natural sciences. He related in Chapter XIII (The
Class in Physics).
Rizals Departure for Spain(1882)
- After finishing his 4th year of medical course in UST,
Rizal decided to complete his studies in Spain.
- Aside form his studies in Spain, Rizal has his secret
mission a). To observe keenly the life and culture
,languages and customs, industries and commerce, and
the government laws of the European nations in order to
prepare himself in the mighty task of liberating his
oppressed people from Spanish tyranny.
- Before the secret departure of Rizal, he wrote a
farewell letter to his parents and sweetheart Leonor
Rivera which was delivered to them after he sailed
away.
 Rizals Departure for Spain(1882)
- May 3, 1882 the Spanish Steamer (Salvadora), Rizal
departed for Spain using Jose Mercado, on his travel
documents. His main reason in leaving the Philippines
was to transfer at the Universidad Central De Madrid in
Spain to finish his medicine course.
- May 8, 1882 they have two-day stopover in Singapore.
He reached the island considered by him as Talim
Isand with the Susong Dalaga. The following day, May
9, Rizal registered at Hotel de la Paz and spent two-day
sightseeing sorties of the city. He saw the Botanical
Garden, the Famous Buddhist Temple and the founder
of Singapore, Sir Thomas Stanford Raffles.
Rizals Departure for Spain(1882)
- May 11, 1882 he was board on the steamer
Djemnah, a French steamer, much larger and cleaner
than the Salvadora. On board the vessel were British,
French, Dutch, Spaniards, Malays, Siamese and
Filipinos. French was mostly spoken on the board.
- May 17,1882 he arrived at the Point Galle, a
seacoast town in southern Ceylon. The town is
lovely, quiet and sad at the sometime according to
him.
- May 18, 1882 he had a stopover at Colombo. It is
more beautiful, smart, elegant than Singapore, Point
Galle and Manila.
 Rizals Departure for Spain(1882)
- May 28, 1882 the Djemnah continued its voyage and crossed
the Indian Ocean until he reached the Cape of Guardafin,
Africa. Rizal called it as inhospitable land but famous. Then, he
reached Aden, according to him it was a city hotter than in
Manila for the first time he saw camels.
- June 2, 1882 he proceeded to Suez Canal. It took 5 days to
travel Suez. He disembarked for sightseeing and he was
fascinated to hear a the multiracial inhabitants speaking a babel
of tongues Arabic, Egyptians, Greek, Italian and Spanish.
- June 11, 1882 the steamer proceeded to Europe and reached
Naple City, Italy. Rizal was fascinated by Mount of Vesuvius,
the Castle of St. Telno, and the historic sights of the city. The
city was busy because of its business activity, lively people and
panoramic beauty.
Rizals Departure for Spain(1882)
- June 12, 1882 the steamer docked at the French
harbour of Marseilles. Rizal disembarked to visit the
famous Chateau def where Dantes, the hero of The
Count of Monte Cristo was jailed. He stayed at
Maseilles for two and a half days at Hotel Noailles for
3 days.
- June 15, 1882 the steamer left Mersailles by on its
last trip Spain. The steamer reached Pyrenees and
stopped for a day at Port Bou. In this place, Rizal saw
the indifference accorded to tourists in comparison to
the courtesy accorded by the French immigration
officers.
 Rizals Departure for Spain(1882)
- June 16, 1883 - from Port Bou, Rizal continued his trip for
the last lap by train for Spain and finally reaching his
destination Barcelona, Spain. Rizal stayed in Hotel de
Espaa and in Sitges Street with Tomas Cabangis and
boarded a house in San Severo Street. He visited Ronda de
la Universidad of Barcelona ugly, dirty little inns,
inhospitable people because he happened to stay upon
his arrival in a stingy inn. Later, he changed his mind and
came to like the city as a great city with an atmosphere
of freedom and liberalism and the people were open-
hearted, hospitable and courageous. He enjoyed
promenading along Las Rambles, the famous Barcelona
Street.
Life in Barcelona, Spain (1882)
- Rizal was welcome by the Filipinos by the in
Barcelona, some of who were his classmates in Ateneo.
They gave him a party at their favourite caf Plaza de
Catalina. They exchanged toast and they Rizal of the
attractions and customs of the people in Barcelona.
Rizal, in turn, gave news and gossips in the
Philippines. While in Barcelona, Rizal received two
bad news; 1. the cholera outbreak that ravaged Manila
and the provinces, and 2. the chatty letter of Chengoy
recounting the unhappiness of Leonor Rivera, who was
getting thinner due to the absence of a loved one.
-
 Life in Madrid, Spain (1882-1885)
- On November 3, 1882 upon the advice of Paciano to Rizal
to finish the medical course in Madrid, Rizal left Barcelona
in the fall of 1882 and went to Madrid.
- He enrolled in the Universidad Central de Madrid, in Medicine
and Philosophy and Letters.
- In Madrid, he lodged at Visitacion Street, No. 3, 3rd floor
(Room 4) in 1883.
- On October 1884, he transferred to Pizarro Street, No. 13
and later on at Ventura de la Vega Street.
- He also studied painting and sculpture in the Academy of
Fine Arts of San Fernando, took tutoring lessons in French,
German and English and practiced fencing and
sharpshooting in the Hall of Arms of Sanz y Carbonell.
 Life in Madrid, Spain (1882-1885)
- Rizal lived frugally, rigidly budgeting his money wisely.
Although he used to buy ticket in every draw of the Madrid
Lottery, he never wasted his money for gambling, wine and
women. Rizal spent his leisure time by reading books,
fencing, and shooting.
- He also visited his Filipino friends at the house of Paterno
brothers. He also fraternized with other students at the
Antigua Caf d Cevantes. Every Saturday evenings he
visited the home of Don Pablo Ortega y Rey.
- During his stay in Barcelona and Madrid, hard times
occurred in Calamba such as harvest of rice and sugarcane
failed due to drought and locust, increasing of land leased to the
hacienda cultivated by the Rizal, and, Paciano was forced to sell
Rizals pony to send him money.
 Life in Madrid, Spain (1882-1885)
- June 21, 1884 Rizal was conferred the Licentiate in Medicine
with a rating of Fair by the Universidad Central de
Madrid after completing 5th and 6th year term.
Legal Medicine (excellent)
Obstetrical Clinic (fair)
Other subjects (good and very good)

- 1884-1885, he passed all the subjects leading to the degree of

Doctor of Medicine. In his three subjects he got fair in
History of Medical Science, good in Surgical Analysis and
excellent in Normal Histology. However, he didnt
conferred Doctor of Medicine because of the failure to
present a thesis required for graduation and pay for the
corresponding fee.
Life in Madrid, Spain (1882-1885)
- Obtaining the degree of Licentiate in Medicine, the
became a full-fledged physician and qualified to
practice medicine. He was not interested in taking the
post-degree of Degree of Medicine because such a
degree is good only for teaching purposes, and he
knew that no friar-owned university in the Philippines
would accept him for a position because of his brown
complexion.
- June 24, 1884 Rizal was broke. With empty stomach,
he attended his classes at the University, participated
in the contest in Greek language and won the gold
medal.
Life in Madrid, Spain (1882-1885)
- November 20, 1884 student demonstrations started to
explode at the Universidad Central de Madrid due to
the expulsion of Dr. Miguel Morayta (history). Dr.
Morayta was also excommunicated by the Catholic
church because of his liberal idealism. All the professor
fought for his side was forced to resign from the
university.
- June 19, 1885 on his 24th birthday, Rizal received his
degree on Licentiate in Philosophy and Letters
(sobresaliente). He was also qualified to be a professor
of humanities in any Spanish University.
Life in Madrid, Spain (1882-1885)
- June 15, 1885 Rizal was invited to speak in an
banquet to celebrate the double victory of two artists;
Juan Luna (Spolarium) for winning the 1st prize, and
Felix Hidalgo (Virgenes Christianas Expuestas el
Populacio) for 2nd prize, in the National Exposition of
Fine Arts in Madrid. He saluted Luna and Hidalgo for
their artistic achievements.
- October 1885 Rizal decided to went to Paris. Rizal
had stopover in Barcelona on his way to Paris. He
visited his friend MaximoViola, at lodge in Vergara
No. 1, 3rd floor Room 2. he also befriended Eusebio
Corominas, editor of the newspaper La Publisidad.
Life in Paris, France(1885-1886)
- November 1885 Rizal went to Paris and lived their
there for 4 mos., where he worked as assistant to Dr.
Louis de Wecket (a leading French ophthalmologist). He
rapidly improved his knowledge of ophthalmology.
Outside of his working hours, he relaxed by visiting
his friends. He also went to Lunas studio. He helped
Luna by posing as a model in several artworks. Rizal
posed as Egyptian priest in Lunas canvass The Death
of Cleopatra and Sikatuna in The Blood Compact.
- After 4 months of staying in Paris, he left Paris for
Heidelberg, Germany.
 Life in Heidelberg, Germany (1886)
- He lived for a short time in with a German law students
in a boarding house but later on, he transferred to a
boarding house near the University of Heidelberg. He
became a member of the Chess Players Club. He became
a popular friend to the German so that the German
students joined him in beer drinking, saber duel, and
chess games.
- He worked at the University Eye Hospital under Dr. Otto
Becker (ophthalmologist). He also attended the lectures of
Dr. Becker and Prof. Wilhelm Kuehne at the university.
During weekends, he had sights seeing at the scenic spots
at Heidelberg (Heidelberg Castle, romantic Neckar River,
and old church).
 Life in Heidelberg, Germany (1886)
- He also spent a 3-month summer vacation at
Wilhelmsfeld. Here he became a good friend of Dr. Karl
Ullmer (Protestant pastor). On June 25, 1886, he left
Wilhelmsfeld, and returned to Heidelberg carrying with
him the memories of the Ullmer friendship and hospitality.
- July 3, 1886 Rizal wrote his first letter in Germany to
Prof. Ferdinand Blumentritt (Austrian ethnologist)- he
became the best friend of Rizal.
- August 6, 1886 5th centenary celebration of Heidelberg.
- August 9, 1886 Rizal left Heidelberg and boarded a train,
visited other cities of Germany and arrived at Leipzig.
-
Tour in Germany (1886)
- August 14, 1886 he arrived at Leipzig. He attended
some lectures at the University of Leipzig in history
and psychology. He met Prof. Friedrich Ratzel
(historian) and Dr. Hans Meyer anthropologist.
- He translated Schellers William Tell and Hans
Christian Anderson Fairy Tale in Tagalog. He found
Leipzig as the cheapest in Europe and so he stayed for
two and half months.
- October 29, 1886 he arrived as Dresden, Germany
and met Dr. Adolf B. Meyer, Director of the
Anthropological and Ethnological Museum. He stayed
two days in this city.
 Life in Berlin, Germany (1886)
- November 1, 1886 he left Dresden by train and reached
Berlin in the evening. Rizal met for the first time Dr. Feodor
Jagor, a German scientist. He also met famous personalities
Dr. Hans Virchow, Dr. Rudolf Virchow, Dr. W. Joest, and
Dr. Ernest Schweigger.
- He also worked in the clinic of Dr. Schweigger and upon
the recommendation of Dr. Jagor and Dr. Meyer he became
a member of the Anthropological Society, Ethnological
Society and Geographical Society.
- He was impressed with Berlin because of its scientific
atmosphere and absence of racial race. He lived in Berlin in
a frugal life. At night he attended the lecture in the
University of Berlin.
 Life in Berlin, Germany (1886)
- He took private lessons under French professor Madame
Lucie Cerdale. He observed keenly the customs, dresses,
homes and occupations of the peasants. He made sketches of
the things he saw.
- During the winter, he lived in poverty because he was flat
broke. Because was unable to pay his landlord and because
he didnt had a money arrived from Calamba, he pawned the
diamond ring that was given to him by his sister Saturnina.
He had to eat only one meal a day, and a daily meal
consisted of bread and water or cheap vegetable soup. He
washed his clothes because he could not afford to pay the
laundry. Paciano was delayed in raising the necessary funds,
Rizals health broke down. He began to cough and feared
that he was going to be sick with tuberculosis.
Life in Berlin, Germany (1886)
- After several months, Rizal received Pacianos
remittance of P1000, which was forwarded by Juan
Luna form Paris. Rizal paid the sum of P300 for the
loan granted to Rizal for the printing of Noli Me
Tangere.
- He went to Berlin for the following reasons:
1. To increase his knowledge in ophthalmology
2. To broaden his studies of sciences and languages
3. To observe political and economic conditions of
Germany
4. To associate with famous German scientist and scholars
5. To publish his novel
 Grand Tour in Europe
- May 11, 1887 Rizal and Viola left Berlin for Dresden. They
visited Dr. Adolf B. Meyer. While strolling at the scene of
the Floral Exposition, they met Dr. Jagor, and suggested
them to meet Blumentritt.
- May 13, 1887 Rizal and Viola reached Leitmeritz,
Bohemia. They met Ferdinand Blumentritt. The two
enjoyed the warm hospitality of the Blumentritt family.
- They also met famous scientist Dr. Carlos Czepelah and
another eminent naturalist Robert Klutschak.
- May 17, 1887 they left Leitmeritz by train on their way to
the city of Prague. They carried recommendation letters of
Prof. Blumentritt Dr. Wilhomm, a professor of Natural
History in the University of Prague.
 Grand Tour in Europe
- May 19, 1887 they reached the city of Brunn.
- May 20, 1887 they arrived at the city of Vienna, Austria.
They visited famous interesting scenic places like
churches, museums, art galleries, theatres, public parks,
beautiful buildings, and religious images. They also met
Mr. Norfenfoe (European novelist) and Masner and
Nordmenn (Austrian scholars).
- May 24, 1887 they left Vienna, via river boat to see the
beautiful sights of the Danube river. The river voyage
ended in Lintz, afterwards they travelled on land to
Salzburg and from there Munich. In Munich, they had a
short time savouring the famous Munich beer (best beer
in Germany).
 Grand Tour in Europe
- From Munich, they went to Nuremberg (oldest city in Germany),
were their impressed by the manufacturer of dolls which was
the biggest industry in the city. Afterwards, they went to Ulm
particularly he city cathedral, they enjoyed they view upon
reaching the top, even though Viola felt dizzy and tried.
- All they visit Ulm, they went to Stuttgart, Baden and Rheinfall.
- June 2-3, 1887 they continued their trip on a boat and reached
Basel, Bern, Laussenne, and they cross to the lake of Geneva.
- June 6, 1887- they reached Geneve, Switzerland. While in
Geneva, Rizal received sad news from his friends in Madrid
about the conditions of Igorots, who were exhibited in the 1887
Madrid Exposition, some of the natives died.
 Grand Tour in Europe
- June 19, 1887 it was 26th birthday, he treated Viola to a blow-
out with a sumptuous meal. He also wrote a letter to Blumentritt
regarding Industrial exhibition.
- June 23, 1887 Rizal and Viola parted ways. They both spent 15
days in Geneva. Viola returned to Barcelona and Rizal continued
his tour to Italy.
- June 24, 1887 Rizal went to Italy, and visited Turin, Milan,
Venice and Florence.
- June 27, 1887 he reached Rome and visited famous architectural
buildings.
- June 29, 1887 he visited the Vatican City. He has sightseeing
and was impressed by the magnificent edifice like St. Peters
Church, the rare works of the art, the vast St. Peters Square, and
the colourful Papal Guard. After a week travel in Rome, he
decided to return to the Philippines.
Preliminary Examination
Topics: Midterm Period
Jose Rizals Love Life

Collaboration with the other Heroes

Contribution to Reform Movement

MIDTERM EXAMINATION

The Women in Rizals Life
Julia a girl in the Pagsanjan River, who use to catch
butterfly.
Segunda Katigbak teenage crush
- She was a comely 14-year old Batanguea from Lipa
City. She also known as Paisana but Rizal referred to
her in his diary as K. She was described by Rizal as
gay, talkative, witty, virginal, attractive, alluring, and
beguiling.
- At 16, Rizal fell in love with his first romance.
Segunda was boarding student at the Colegio de la
Concordia where his sister Olympia and Leonor Rivera
also studied. He found out later that Segunda was
engaged to be married to her town-mate, Manuel Luz.
 The Women in Rizals Life
Margarita Almeda Gomez Miss L
- A young lady from Pakil, Laguna. This young lady was
believed to be Leonor Valenzuela but she was not. She was
described by Rizal as with fair complexion, seductive and with
attractive eyes. Their romance died a natural death for two
reasons: 1) Rizals memory of Segunda was still fresh in his heart,
and 2) Rizals father objected their love affair.
Leonor Valenzuela Orang
- The daughter of Capitan Juan and Capitana Sanday
Valenzuela of Pansanjan, Laguna. She was a tall girl with regal
bearing. Rizal sends her love notes written in invisible ink,
that could only be deciphered over the warmth of the lamp or
candle. He visited her on the eve of his departure to Spain and
bade her last goodbye.
 The Women in Rizals Life
Vicenta Ybardoza pretty colegiala
- She was also from Pakil, Laguna who was a high school at
that time. Rizal get infatuated to her when she played a harp.
However, nobody knew what happened later between the
two.
Leonor Rivera Taimis
- A lady form Camiling, Tarlac, a daughter of Antonio Rivera
(Rizals uncle) and Silvestre Bauson. Rizal courted her, when
she was 13-year old and she got engaged to Rizal before the
age of 15. Their relationship was actually a love affair by
correspondence wherein Rizal wrote several letters to
Leonor while he was in abroad. However, their relationship
ended when she married her mother choice Charles Henry C.
Kipping. Their love affair last for 10 years.
The Women in Rizals Life
Consuelo Ortega y Rey pretty Manilea
- She was a daughter of Don Pablo Ortega y Rey(a former
civil governor of Manila, under the administration of Carlos
Ma. De la Torre). He dedicated to her A la Senorita C.O.
y R., which became one of his best poems. He probably
fell in love with her and Consuelo apparently asked him
for romantic verses. He suddenly backed out before the
relationship turned into a serious romance, because he
wanted to remain loyal to Leonor Rivera and he did not
want to destroy his friendship with Eduardo de Lete who
was madly in love with Consuelo.
The Women in Rizals Life
Seiko Usui O-Sei-San
- A Japanese samurais daughter taught Rizal the
Japanese art of painting known as su-mie. Rizal was 29
at that time while Seiko was 23. She helped Rizal
improve his knowledge of Japanese language. They
spent a happy months together visiting old temples
and art galleries.
- If Rizal was a man without a patriotic mission, he
would have married this lovely and intelligent woman
and lived a stable and happy life with her in Japan
because Spanish legation there offered him a lucrative
job.
The Women in Rizals Life
Gertrude Beckett Gettie
- An English girl with brown hair, blue eyes and pink
cheeks. When Rizal was in London, he boarded in the
house of the Beckett family. During rainy days when
Rizal stayed at home, Gettie helped him mixed his
colours for paintings or assisted in preparing the clay
for sculpturing.
- Then Rizal realized that their friendship was drifting to
a serious affair, he drove to Paris in 1889 leaving
Gertrude behind. He could not return the English girls
affection and marry her because of loyalty to Leonor
Rivera.
 The Women in Rizals Life
Suzanne Jacoby pretty girl in Brussels, Belgium
- She was a pretty niece of Rizals landlady. Suzanne was deeply fell in
love with him, she cried when Rizal left for Madrid towards the ends of
July, 1890.
- Nellie Boustead almost wife
- She was a daughter of Eduardo Boustead, they met when Rizal was a
guest in the Boustead family. She was described as gay-hearted, sports-
minded, highly intelligent, vivacious in temperament and morally
upright. Nelly was infatuated with Rizal but Rizal, at first, loved
Adelina. Antonio Luna, who had previously loved and lost Nelly,
encouraged Rizal court and marry her. Rizal having lost his beloved
Leonor Rivera came to entertain considerable affection for Nelly.
- However, their love affair didnt have a happy ending because of two
reasons: a) he refused to give up his Catholic faith, and 2) Nellys mother did
not like Rizal as a son-in-law.
 The Women in Rizals Life
Pastora Necesario Totak
- She was a weaver of cloth at Dapitan.as a sign of love, Rizal gave
her a statue of a woman and also sent her letters of love and
concern. When Rizal was executed in Bagumbayan, she married
Gonzalo Carreon of Dapitan.
Josephine Bracken unhappy wife
- In the last days of February 1895, while still in Dapitan, Rizal met
an 18-year old petite Irish girl, with bold blue eyes, brown hair
and a happy disposition. She was the adopted daughter of George
Taufer from Hong Kong, who came to Dapitan to seek Rizal for
eye treatment. Rizal was physically attracted to her. His loneliness
and boredom must have taken the measure of him and what
could be a better diversion that to fall in love again. But the Rizal
sisters suspected Josephine as an agent of the friars and they
considered her as a threat to Rizals security.
 The Women in Rizals Life
- Rizal and Josephine fell in love with each other, however, Fr.
Obach , refused to marry them without the permission of the
Bishop of Cebu. When Mr. Taufer heard their projected
marriage, he flared up because he could not endure the
thought of losing Josephine. He even tried to commit suicide
by cutting off his throat but Rizal prevented him from killing
himself. To avoid further injury, Josephine went with his
uncle to Manila.
- Eventually, Mr. Taufer returned to Hongkong alone and
Josephine returned to Dapitan. Since no priest would marry
them, they lived happily as common law husband and wife.
Their extremely happy marriage had begotten an 8-month
old premature baby boy who lived only for 3 hours. Their
son was named Francisco in honour of Don Francisco.
The Women in Rizals Life
- During the hours of Rizal on December 30, 1896,
Josephine was accompanied by Narcisa, arrived at Fort
Santiago. At 5:00 am on the same day, Rizal requested
Fr. Balaguer that they be married canonically. Then
Rizal gave his wife a wedding gift, a religious book
Imitacion de Cristo which he autographed: To my
dear and unhappy wife, Josephine December 30th, 1896.
Note: Rizals canonical marriage to Josephine Bracken remains
doubtful and questionable. Since, there was no proof that they were
married in court or in church.
 Collaboration with other Heroes
ANTONIO LUNA
- He received Bachelor of Arts in Ateneo (1881), afterwards he
studied literature, chemistry, and pharmacy at the UST. He also
obtained a licentiate (at Universidad de Barcelona) and doctorate (at
Universidad Central de Madrid) in Pharmacy.
- He collaborated with other Filipino expatriates like Rizal in
working for the Propaganda Movement. Writing for La
Solidaridad, he once contributed the article Impressions which
discussed Spanish unique traditions and customs under the pen-
name Taga-ilog. He also managed the paper La Independencia.
- Luna was good in sharpshooting, swords and military ability.
- Rizal challenged him for a duel for the chance to court Nellie
Boustead, eventually Luna surrendered and Rizal formally
courted Boustead.
 Collaboration with other Heroes
- He turned down the invitation of the Katipunan, believing that
reform was better than revolution. But when the Spanish
authorities had known about the Katipunan and its plans, the Luna
brothers were arrested and locked up in Fort Santiago for supposed
involvement in the society.
- He studied various aspects of military science like guerrilla
warfare, management, and field fortifications. Eventually, he joined
Aguinaldos cause in the Philippine-American war. Assigned by
Aguinaldo as commander of the Philippine Revolutionary Army,
Luna founded the countrys first military academy, formed
professional guerrilla soldiers which was later known as the Luna
sharpshooters, and designed the three-tier defense (Luna Defense
Line) which gave the opponents a hard campaign in Central Luzon.
- He was killed on June 5, 1899 by Filipino captain Pedro Janolino
and other elements of the Kawit troop.
 Collaboration with other Heroes
MARIANO PONCE
- The overpowering feeling of patriotism got the better of Ponce that
he quit his studies to join the Filipino Movement in Spain. He co-
founded the La Solidaridad, served as secretary of the
Propaganda Movement, and became head of the Literary Section of
the Asociacion Hispano-Filipina.
- he used various aliases like Naning Kalipulako and Tigbalang.
Through his writings, he disclosed the sad condition of Filipinos
under Spanish government, attacked the rulers abuses, and fought
for reforms and equality.
In 1898, Emilio Aguinaldo chose Ponce to represent the newly-
founded First Philippine Republic and commissioned him to design
a framework of the revolutionary government. Assigned later as a
representative of the First Republic to Japan, Ponce went to Japan to
seek aid.
 Collaboration with other Heroes
- In Japan, he met, negotiated with, and became a close friend of Sun
Yat-Sen, the founder and First President of the Chinese Republic.
Through Dr. Suns assistance, Ponce had procured weapons for the
Philippine revolution, though the shipment failed to reach the
Philippines because of a typhoon off the coast of Formosa.
- In 1917, he published his Ang Wika at Lahi, a discussion on the
significance of a having a national language. He was most likely
influenced by Rizals interest in having a distinct Filipino
language. In Rizals August 18, 1888 letter, he informed Ponce,
The new Tagalog orthography (a system of spelling) that we are
using is perfectly in accord with the ancient writing and with the
Sanskrit origin of many Tagalog words as I have found out
through my research in the British Museum.
- He died in the Government Civil Hospital in Hong Kong on May
23, 1918.
 Collaboration with other Heroes
GRACIANO LOPEZ-JAENA
- At the age of 18, he anonymously wrote a satire, Fray Botod (Big
Bellied Friar) which revealed the friars greed, immorality, cruelty,
and false piety. This incensed the Spanish clergy and authorities
but they could not prove that Lopez Jaena was its author. He got
into deep trouble, however, when he refused to testify that some
prisoners died of natural causes for he knew that they had died at
the hands of the mayor of Pototan. When threats were made on his
life, he left for Spain in 1880.
- He took medical courses at the University of Valencia. His thirst for
reforms nonetheless took him away from medical studies into
writing for patriotic cause and establishing the genesis of the
Propaganda Movement two years ahead of Rizal and nine years
before Marcelo Del Pilar. Rizal once reproved Graciano for not
finishing his medical studies
 Collaboration with other Heroes
- He became known as a great orator in socio-political clubs and thus
became a member of the Progressive Republican Party. Deputized
by the party to go on speaking engagements, Jaena became popular
for his fiery and eloquent speeches espousing liberal ideas.
- With a round of drinks, he would artistically craft very impressive
patriotic articles.
- Jose Rizal invited him to join the Kidlat Club in Paris, France,
through a mail, saying the appreciation of them to him.
- He died because of tuberculosis at age of 39 (January 20, 1896).
 Collaboration with other Heroes
JOSE ALEJANDRINO
- He came from a rich family which was originally from Arayat,
Pampanga. pursued further studies in Spain and in Belgium where
he had outstanding academic performance. Eventually, he finished
his degree in chemical engineering in July 1895.
- Alejandrino joined the Propaganda Movement and served as an
editorial staff of La Solidaridad. He supported Rizal in the Pilaristas-
Rizalistas rivalry.
- Being Rizals roommate in Belgium, Alejandrino was the one who
canvassed printing press for El Fili. For his assistance, Rizal gave
him the El Filis corrected proofs and the pen used in doing the
corrections. Unluckily, these historical souvenirs were either lost or
destroyed during the revolution. Having helped Rizal in correcting
errors in the El Fili, Alejandrino might have been the first person to
read the novel aside from the author.
 Collaboration with other Heroes
- Philippine Revolution - he served as an engineer and general in
the revolutionary army under Emilio Aguinaldo. he went to Hong
Kong to procure guns, ammunitions, and dynamites which would
be used in the Filipino revolutionary movement .
- Filipino American War he led the construction of trenches in
areas like Caloocan and Bulacan. He later served as acting
secretary of war, appointed as Central Luzons commanding
general of the military operations, and assigned as Pampangas
military governor .
- At age 80, Jose Alejandrino died on June 1, 1951, some 55 years
after his former roommates martyrdom.
 Collaboration with other Heroes
EDILBERTO EVANGELISTA
- He came from a poor family in Sta. Cruz, Manila and he had to
work hard to have an education. To get further education in Europe,
he worked first as a cattle dealer, tobacco merchant, teacher, and
later a contractor of public works.
- Rizal counselled him to take engineering in Belgium. Upon the
suggestion proved fruitful as Evangelista finished civil engineering
and architecture with highest honours. Some European companies
offered him rewarding positions but he turned them down for
wanting to serve his country instead.
- He was asked to draft a constitution by the Magdalo and
Magdiwangtwo rival factions in the Katipunan on which he
remained neutral. His composed constitution was accepted at the
Imus Assembly on December 31, 1896.
Collaboration with other Heroes
- He was described as either brave or just relaxed and stoic. He
would draw trenches on the ground even while the Spanish
forces were firing bombs at them. When a shell dropped near
him one time, he did not bother to wince or run away, instead
he simply brushed the dirt off his clothes and proceeded
drawing.
- He nonetheless ran out of luck when he was soon killed
during the Battle of Zapote Bridge on February 17, 1897. His
military post was succeeded by Miguel Malvar, the hero who
could have been listed as the second Philippine President for
taking over the revolutionary government after Aguinaldos
arrest in 1901.
Connection to Andres Bonifacio
ANDRES BONIFACIO
- He joined Rizals La Liga Filipina, being one of the 20
attendees in the meeting administered by Rizal at the house of
Doroteo Ongjunco at Ilaya Street, Tondo, Manila on July 3,
1892.
- He founded the Katipunan on July 7, 1892, when Rizal was to
be deported to Dapitan. Considerably inspired by Jose Rizal,
they elected him as honorary president and the Katipuneros
used his name as one of their passwords.
- Instead of using the old Spanish spelling of letter c for the
name of the society, Bonifacio preferred the Tagalog spelling
of k, as suggested by Rizal on his earlier La Solidaridad
article as a way of promoting nationalism.
 Connection to Andres Bonifacio
- He used May Pag-asa as his pseudonym in the society. the
Katipunan created its organ, Kalayaan (Freedom) in which
Bonifacio wrote several articles like the poem Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang
Lupa (Love for Ones Homeland) under the penname Agapito
Bagumbayan.
- Together with Emilio Jacinto, and Guillermo Masangkay had
entered the pier where Rizals ship was docked. Jacinto personally
met with Rizal but the physician refused the suggestion to escape
and join Katipunans imminent uprising.
- He wrote a Tagalog translation of the Mi Ultimo Adios entitled
Pahimakas.
- He was first married to Monica who died of leprosy; then in 1893 to
Gregoria de Jesus of Caloocan. Gregoria and Andres had one son
named Andres (Junior) who died of smallpox at young age
Love-Hate Relationship to Del Pilar
COLLABORATION:
- He fought against clerical abuses, like the unfair collection of
tax for the Churchs financial gain, and once worked for the
establishment of a school for Filipinos.
- He met Rizal through a letter of Mariano Ponce saying that
Rizal was impressed to his work as Plaridel. One of his great
work was the Dasalan at Tocsohan (Prayer-book and Teasing
game) - a mock-prayer book and satire on the friars
greediness, pretence, and extravagance.
- He was also helped Rizal with the agrarian trouble in
Calamba, when he was trying to seek justice for his family.
Love-Hate Relationship to Del Pilar
RIVALRY:
- Their rivalry begins in 1890, when Del Pilar became the owner
of La Solidaridad and had taken the place of Jaena as editor-
in-chief. His political views was different to Rizal. Jose Rizal
and his close friends objected to the periodicals editorial
policy which was occasionally contrary to his political views.
- To solve the issue, the Filipino community in Madrid, decided
to have an election for the Responsible a leader. The faction
divided into two the Pilaristas and Rizalistas.
- Jose Rizal won the election because of the vote of Mariano
Ponce, however, he declined the position and decided to
abdicate his leadership and leave Madrid. Rizal also stopped
his contribution to La Solidaridad.
Love-Hate Relationship to Del Pilar
- Through a letter, Rizal enumerated his reasons for stopping to
write for La Solidaridad:
a) I need time to work on my book
b) I wanted other Filipinos to work also
c) I considered it very important to the party that there be
unity in the work
- He died of tuberculosis on July 4, 1896 (46yo.) Del Pilar had
seven children by his wife Marciana, but only two of whom
(Sofia and Anita) grew to adulthood. The building that houses
the Polytechnic University of the Philippines Graduate School
was named after Marcelo H. Del Pilar.
Connection to Aguinaldo
- Three days after the execution of Rizal, his common-law wife
immediately joined the Katipunan forces in Cavite. Initially
hesitant to admit her in the group, Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo
nonetheless even provided Josephine with lessons in shooting
and horseback riding. Bracken helped Aguinaldos group in
taking care of the sick and wounded.
- Two years after Rizals martyrdom, Aguinaldo as head of the
Philippine Revolutionary Government issued a decree
proclaiming December 30 of every year a national day of
mourning in honour of Jose Rizal.
- He died because of coronary thrombosis at age 94.
Noli Me Tangere: Notable Purposes
1. To picture the past and the realities in the Philippines

2. To reply to insults heaped on the Filipinos and their country

3. To unmask the hypocrisy that have impoverished and

brutalized the Filipino people

4. To stir the patriotism of the Filipino people

 Noli Me Tangere
Introduction
When Dr. Jose Rizal was 26, he published
his first novel Noli Me Tangere in
Belgium in the year 1887 . It was the Book
that gave a spark in the Philippine
Revolutions. It talked about the Spaniards
arrogance and despicable use of religion
to achieve their own desires and rise to
power. It mostly talked about the life of
Crisostomo Ibarra, a member of the
Insulares (Creoles) social class, and a
series of unfortunate events that he
encountered through the works of a
Franciscan friar, namely Padre Damaso
Verdolagas, and by the Spanish
conquistadors.
 Noli Me Tangere
Introduction
Noli Me Tangere, a Latin phrase used
by Jose Rizal as a title for his first
novel, was actually the words used by
Jesus Christ to Mary Magdalene when
she saw him resurrected from the
dead. It roughly translated as Touch
Me Not in English. These words were
said because Jesus, although risen in
body and in spirit, was not the same
for as he was before. Being glorified,
waiting for the right time to ascend to
Heaven and such, he did not allow
himself yet to be known until the
Great Commission.
 The Cover Symbols
SILHOUETTE OF A FILIPINA- It was
popular belief that the silhouette of the
woman in the cover of Noli Me Tangere is the
unfortunate Maria Clara, Crisostomo Ibarras
lover.

"'Padre Cura! Padre Cura!' [Padre Salvi] the

Spaniards cried to him; but he did not mind
them. He ran in the direction of the Capitan
Tiago's house. There he breathed a sigh of
relief. He saw through the transparent gallery
an adorable silhouette full of grace and the
lovely contours of Maria Clara and that of her
aunt bearing glasses
and cups." (366)
The Cover Symbols
HELMET OF THE GUARDIA
CIVIL/CONSTABULARY
HELMET- An obvious take on
the arrogance of those in
authority.

A MAN IN A CASSOCK WITH

HAIRY FEET- This symbolism at
the lower part of the cover is to be
a representation for priests using
religion in a dirty way, specifically
Padre Damaso.
The Cover Symbols
FLOGS- another symbolism for
cruelties. It is a representation of
Jesus Christs scourging before his
imminent crucifixion.

WHIP/CORD- The cruelties

present in the novel best explains
the symbol Rizal used in the cover.
The Cover Symbols
BAMBOO STALKS One thing
comes to mind when bamboo stalks
are talked about: Resilience.

A LENGTH OF CHAIN- Rizals

representation of slavery and
imprisonment.
The Cover Symbols
CROSS- The one that killed the
Christ Jesus. It was a
representation of suffering and
death. It also represent a grave.
Magnifies the discrimination
towards Filipinos, Chinese
Mestizos and Spaniards during
this time towards a proper
burial.
The Cover Symbols
BURNING TORCH- A reference
to the Olympic torch, it tells
everyone the beginning of the
defense of honors and the start
of proving themselves worthy of
victory. Rage and passion are
most abundant in this phase.
Represents a phrase that could
possibly mean everything to
every single suffering Filipinos:
The rise of the revolution is now
at hand.
The Cover Symbols
POMELO BLOSSOMS AND LAUREL
LEAVES- They roughly represent faith,
honor and fidelity. P0melo blossoms are
utilized as loose potpourri or a mixture of
dried flower petals and spices used to
scent the air. It is commonly used in
prayers and cleansing. The laurel leaves,
also known as bay leaves, are used as
crowns during the Ancient Greek
Olympics wherein the best of the best are
treated as heroes. Filipinos in this time
wants to embody these three virtues that
Rizal represented as two plants.
 The Cover Symbols
SUNFLOWERS- A unique behavior in
sunflowers, known as phototropism, is a
motif that has appeared in many ancient
myths and is viewed as a symbol of loyalty
and constancy. The sunflower's petals have
been likened to bright yellow rays of
sunshine, which evoke feelings of warmth
and happiness. In addition, the sunflower
is often associated with adoration and
longevity. Rizals observation towards the
happiness of the Filipinos are, in the
Spanish times, are only fulfilled through
their giving in and bowing down to the
more powerful entity: Spain.
 EL FILIBUSTERISMO
COVER
Tagalog Translation:
Madaling ipagpalagay na ang isang
rebelde (pilibustero) ay lihim na umaakit sa
liga ng mga panatiko ng mga prayle at mga
paurong nang sa gayon, wala man sa loob
na sumunod sa mga panunulsol, ay dapat
nilang panigan at paigtingin ang
patakarang sumusunod lamang sa iisang
layunun; ang maipalaganap ang mga
kaisipan ng rebelyon sa kabuuang haba at
lawak ng lupain, at mahikayat ang bawat
Pilipino sa paniniwalang walang katubusan
liban sa seperasyon mula sa inang bayan.

Ferdinand Blumentritt
 NOLI ME TANGERE
Touch me Not
Uncles Tom Cabin
Romantic Novel
Wo r k o f t h e h e a r t
B o o k o f Fe e l i n g
I t h a s f re s h n e s s , c o l o r,
h u m o r, l i g h t n e s s , w i t
Ma rch 21, 1887
M o t h e r l a n d / Fa t h e r l a n d
63 chapters and an epilogue
Maximo Viola
EL FILIBUSTERISMO
The Reign of Greed
The Count of Monte Cristo
P o l i t i c a l n o v e l
Wo r k o f t h e h e a d
B o o k o f t h o u g h t
I t h a s b i t t e r n e s s , h a t r e d ,
p a i n , v i o l e n c e, s o r row
S e p t e m b e r 1 8 , 1 8 9 1
G o m B u r Z a
3 8 c h a p t e r s
Va l e n t i n Ve n t u r a
La Liga Flipina July 3, 1892
Objectives of the Liga

To unite the whole archipelago into one compact,

vigorous, and homogenous body;
Mutual protection in every want and necessity;
Defense against all violence and injustice;
Encouragement of instruction, agriculture, and
commerce; and
Study and application of reforms.
 La Liga Filipina The Split
At first the Liga was quite active. Bonifacio in particular exerted great
efforts to organize chapters in various districts of Manila. A few months
later, however, the Supreme Council of the Liga dissolved the society.
The reformist leaders found out that most of the popular councils which
Bonifacio had organized were no longer willing to send funds to the
Madrid propagandists because, like Bonifacio, they had become
convinced that peaceful agitation for reforms was futile. Afraid that the
more radical rank and file members might capture the organization and
unwilling to involve themselves in an enterprise which would surely
invite reprisals from the authorities, the leaders of the Liga opted for
dissolution. The Liga membership split into two groups: the
conservatives formed the Cuerpo de Compromisarios which pledged to
continue supporting the La Solidaridad while the radicals led by Bonifacio
devoted themselves to a new and secret society, the Katipunan, which
Bonifacio had organized on the very day Rizal was deported to Dapitan.
References:
Camiloza, Loreto., 2010., Dr. Jose Rizal's Religious Thoughts: Revisited., National
Bookstore
Craig, Austin, 2010, Lineage, Life and Labors of Dr. Jose Rizal., Vee Press
Publishing Inc.
Lopez-Bantug, Asuncion., 2008., Lolo Jose: An Intimate and Illustrated Portrait of
Jos Rizal. Vibal Publishing House. Quezon City.
Ocampo, Ambeth, 2010, Rizal Without the Overcoat, Anvil Publishing Corp.
Pasigui, Ronnie E. and Danilo H. Cabalu., 2006. The Man and the Hero (An
Anthology of Legacies and Controversies). C & E Publishing, Inc.
Zaide, Gregorio F. and Sonia M. Zaide., 1997., Jose Rizal: Life, Works, and
Writings of a Genius, Writer, Scientist and National Hero.All Nations Publishing
Co. Inc.
Zaide, Gregorio, et.al., 2010., Jose Rizal: Life, Works, and Writings of a Genius,
Writer, Scientist, and National Hero, All Nations Publishing Corp.
Zulueta, Francisco M. 2004., Rizal: Life, Works and Ideals. National Bookstore.