Java basics

Chapter 2 (part 1 of 2)
Spring 2007
CS 101
Aaron Bloomfield

1
DisplayForecast.java
// Authors: J. P. Cohoon and J. W. Davidson
// Purpose: display a quotation in a console window

public class DisplayForecast { Three comments

// method main(): application entry point

public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.print("I think there is a world market for");
System.out.println(" maybe five computers.");
System.out.println(" Thomas Watson, IBM, 1943.");
}
} // class
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// Authors: J. P. Cohoon and J. W. Davidson
// Purpose: display a quotation in a console window
Method main() is part of
public class DisplayForecast { DisplayForecast

// method main(): application entry point

public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.print("I think there is a world market for");
System.out.println(" maybe five computers.");
System.out.println(" Thomas Watson, IBM, 1943.");
}
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part of method
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3
Good whitespacing
// Authors: J. P. Cohoon and J. W. Davidson
// Purpose: display a quotation in a console window

public class DisplayForecast { Whitespace

// method main(): application entry point

public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.print("I think there is a world market for");
System.out.println(" maybe five computers.");
System.out.println(" Thomas Watson, IBM, 1943.");
}
} Whitespace separates program elements

Whitespace between program elements is

ignored by Java 4
Bad whitespacing
The same program without any whitespacing or comments:

public class DisplayForecast2 { public static void main

(String[] args) { System.out.print("I think there is a
world market for"); System.out.println(" maybe five
computers."); System.out.println(" Thomas Watson, IBM,
1943."); } }

5
 A whitespacing aside: IOCCC
The International Obfuscated C Code
Contest
Online at http://www.ioccc.org

C has very terse syntax

So the contest tries to make it terser!

One common method is by modifying the

whitespace
6
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A whitespacing aside: IOCCC

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Identifiers
Identifiers are names for variables, classes, etc.

Good ones are compact, but inidicate what they stand for
radius, width, height, length
Bad ones are either too long
theRadiusOfTheCircle
theWidthOfTheBoxThatIsBeingUsed
the_width_of_the_box_that_is_being_used
Or too short
a, b, c, d, e

Good identifiers will help the graders understand your

program!
8
Keywords
Some words are reserved, and cant be used as identifiers

// Authors: J. P. Cohoon and J. W. Davidson

// Purpose: display a quotation in a console window

public class DisplayForecast {

// method main(): application entry point

public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.print("I think there is a world market for");
System.out.println(" maybe five computers.");
System.out.println(" Thomas Watson, IBM, 1943.");
}
} 9
Capitalization
Case matters!

public Public PUBLIC

This is different than FORTRAN and BASIC
This is the same as C/C++

You can use Public as a identifier

Not recommended, though!

10
Statements
A statement in Java is (usually) a single line
Example: System.out.println (Hello world!);

All statements must end with a semi-colon

That tells Java that the statement is finished

11
 A bit of humor:
1989 Computer
Advertisement

Guess the price!

12
Variables

13
Defining variables
Weve seen variables before in math
y = mx + b
Here y, m, x, and b can hold any value

To store things in a computer program, we also use variables

Example:
int x = 5;
Visualization: x 5
This defines an integer variable with value 5

The variable is x
The type is int
14
More on variables
An integer variable can only hold integers
In other words, it cant hold 4.3

To hold floating point values, we use the double type

double d = 4.3; d 4.3

The variable is d
The type is double

15
Primitive variable assignment
Assignment operator =
Allows the variable
memory tolocation
be updated
for a variable to be updated

target = expression ;

Name of previously Expression t o be

defined object evaluat ed

Consider
int j = 11;
j 1985
11
j = 1985;

16
Primitive variable assignment
Consider
int a = 1; a 1
5
int aSquared = a * a;
a = 5;
aSquared = a * a;
aSquared 25
1

Consider
int i = 0;
i 1
0
i = i + 1;

Consider
int asaRating; asaRating 400
-
asaRating = 400;
17
Primitive variable assignment
Consider
double x = 5.12; x 19.28
5.12
double y = 19.28;
double rememberX = x;
y 19.28
5.12
x = y;
y = rememberX;
rememberX 5.12

18
Printing variables
To print a variable to the screen, put it in a
System.out.println() statement:

int x = 5;
System.out.println (The value of x is + x);

Important points:
Strings are enclosed in double quotes
If there are multiple parts to be printed, they are
separated by a plus sign

19
 public class SolvingABC {

From this public static void main(String[] args) {

weeks
// variable definitions and initializations
int a = 3;

lab
int b = 12;
int c = 6;
int d = 1;

// calculate results
Note that I dont double result1 = d * a;
show a lot of double result2 = c + 2 * a;
comments so that double result3 = d - b / c;
the code will fit on double result4 = c * b % c;
double result5 = b / 2;
a single slide
// display the results
Also note all the System.out.println();
semi-colons System.out.println("result1 : " + result1);
System.out.println("result2 : " + result2);
System.out.println("result3 : " + result3);
System.out.println("result4 : " + result4);
System.out.println("result5 : " + result5);
System.out.println();

}
}
Variable initialization
Note that the following

int x;
x = 5;

is (mostly) the same as the following:

int x = 5;

21
You can only declare variables once
The following code will not work:

int x = 5;
int x = 6;

Java can have only one variable named x

So you cant declare multiple variables with the same
name
(well see ways around this later in the semester)

22
Todays demotivators

23
Types

25
Primitive variable types
Java has 8 (or so) primitive types:
float
real numbers
double
boolean two values: true and false
char a single character
byte
short
integer numbers
int
long

Also the void type, which we will see later

Well only be using half of the types in this course: int,

double, boolean, and char 26
Primitive real (floating-point) types
A float takes up 4 bytes of space
Has 6 decimal places of accuracy: 3.14159

A double takes up 8 bytes of space

Has 15 decimal places of accuracy: 3.14159265358979

Always use doubles

It will save you quite a headache!

27
Primitive integer types
Consider a byte:

0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1

1 byte = 8 bits
Each bit has two possibilities: 0 or 1

28 = 256
Thus, a byte can have any one of 256 values

A Java byte can have values from -128 to 127

From -27 to 27-1

C/C++ has unsigned versions; Java does not

28
Primitive integer types
Type Bytes Minimum value Maximum value

byte 1 -27=-128 27-1=127

short 2 -215= 215-1=

-32,768 32,767

int 4 -231=-2,147,483,648 231-1=2,147,483,647

long 8 -263=-9,223,372,036, 263-1=9,223,372,036,

854,775,808 854,775,807

29
Increment and decrement operators
++
Increments a number variable by 1 i 4
5
6
7
--
Decrements a numeric variable by 1

Consider
int i = 4; // define
++i; // increment
System.out.println(i); // display
System.out.print(++i); // update then display
System.out.println(i++); // display then update
System.out.println(i); // display

30
 Why C++ was named C++

The increment operator adds one to the

integer value
Or makes it one better

So when Bjarne Stroustrup was making

the successor to C, he was making a one
better language

31
Primitive character type
All characters have a integer equivalent
0 = 48
1 = 49
A = 65
a = 97

Thus, you can refer to B as A+1

32
Primitive boolean type

The boolean type has only two values:

true
false

There are boolean-specific operators

&& is and
|| is or
! is not
etc.

Well see those operators in a few slides

33
Carved egg
shells (done
via laser)

34
Variables must be declared before use
The following code will not work:

x = 5;
System.out.println (x);

Java requires you to declare x before you use it

35
Variable initialization
Consider the following code:

int x;
System.out.println(x);

What happens?

Error message:
variable x might not have been initialized

Java also requires you to give x a value before you use it

36
Constants
Consider the following:

final int x = 5;

The value of x can NEVER be changed!

The value assigned to it is final

This is how Java defines constants

Constants have a specific naming scheme

MILES_PER_KILOMETER
All caps, with underscores for spaces

37
Expressions
What is the value used to initialize expression
int expression = 4 + 2 * 5;

What value is displayed

System.out.println(5 / 2.0);

Java rules in a nutshell

Each operator has a precedence level and an associativity
Operators with higher precedence are done first
* and / have higher precedence than + and -
Associativity indicates how to handle ties
38
When floating-point is used the result is floating point
Question on expressions
Does the following statement compute the average of double
variables a, b, and c? Why or why not?

double average = a + b + c / 3.0;

39
Java operators
The following are the common operators for ints:
+-/*%
Division is integer division
6 / 2 yields 3
7 / 2 yields 3, not 3.5
Because everything is an int, the answer is an int
Modulus is %
Returns the remainder
7 % 2 yields 1
6 % 2 yields 0

Floats and doubles use the same first four operators

+-/*
7.0 / 2.0 yields 3.5
7.0 / 2 yields 3.5
7 / 2.0 yields 3.5
7 / 2 yields 3
40
Java operators
Booleans have their own operators
&& is AND
Only true when both operands are true
true && true yields true
false && true yields false
|| is OR
True when either of the operands (or both) are true
true || false yields true
false || false yields false
! is NOT
Changes the value
!true yields false
!false yields true
41
New York Drivers

42
System.out.println
Can print multiple things by using the + operator
Let int i = 7;
Example: System.out.println (i = + i);
Prints i = 7

Can also have the statement on multiple lines

System.out.println (
hello world!
)
;
But cant have the String on multiple lines
System.out.println (
hello
world!
43
);
System.out.println
System.out.println (result: + 3/5);
What does it print?
result: 0
System.out.println (result: + 5 % 3);
What does it print?
result: 2
System.out.println (result: + 3/5.0);
What does it print?
result: 0.6
System.out.println (result: + 3+4.0);
What does it print?
result: 34.0
System.out.println (result: + (3+4.0));
What does it print?
44
result: 7.0
Methods

46
Functions
In Java, functions are called methods

Think of mathematical functions:

sin()
cos()
tan()

They take input (the angle)

And produce output (the result)

In Java, they are called Math.sin(), Math.cos(), etc.

Meaning, from the Math library, call the sin() method

47
 import java.util.*;

public class MathFun {

public static void main(String[] args) {

// set up the Scanner object
Scanner stdin = new Scanner(System.in);

From this // have the user input the values for x and y
System.out.print("Enter a decimal number: ");
weeks double x = stdin.nextDouble();
System.out.print("Enter another decimal number: ");
lab double y = stdin.nextDouble();

double squareRootX = Math.sqrt(x);

System.out.println ("Square root of " + x + " is "

+ squareRootX);
}
}
Scanner usage

49
Interactive programs
Programs that interact with their users through statements
performing input and output

Temperature conversion (coming up shortly)

Not interactive Celsius temperature is fixed

BMI.java (coming up somewhat less shortly)

Not interactive weight and height are fixed

50
Reading in a value from the keyboard
We will see this in more detail later in this slide set
For now (and for lab 2), this is what you need to know

To read in values from the keyboard, you first have to create

a Scanner object
Dont worry about what an object is, what a Scanner is, or
about creation of these things
Well get to them later
To do this, use the following code:

Scanner stdin = new Scanner (System.in);

NOT the following code:

Scanner stdin = Scanner.create (System.in); 51

Reading in more values from the keyboard
You should have this only once in your program.

From then on, when you want to read in a value into a

variable, use the following:

int x = stdin.nextInt();
double d = stdin.nextDouble();

Or

x = stdin.nextInt();
d = stdin.nextDouble();

52
Scanner usage example
import java.util.*;

public class ScannerUsage {

public static void main (String args[]) {
Scanner stdin = new Scanner (System.in);
System.out.println ("Enter first value");
int x = stdin.nextInt();
int y;
System.out.println ("Enter second value");
y = stdin.nextInt();

int z = x + y;
System.out.println ("The sum of " + x + " and " +
y + " is " + z);
}
}
53
 Program demo
ScannerUsage.java

Note that all this code is available on the

website!

54
How to make Java work with the Scanner
class
In Java 1.5, do a:
import java.util.*;

To create a new Scanner:

Scanner stdin = new Scanner (System.in);

55
Todays demotivators

56
Program Examples

57
Example program: temperature
conversion
// Purpose: Convert a Celsius temperature to Fahrenheit

public class CelsiusToFahrenheit {

// main(): application entry point

public static void main(String[] args) {
// set Celsius temperature of interest
int celsius = 28;

// convert to Fahrenheit equivalent

int fahrenheit = 32 + ((9 * celsius) / 5);

// display result
System.out.println("Celsius temperature");
System.out.println(" " + celsius);
System.out.println("equals Fahrenheit temperature");
System.out.println(" " + fahrenheit);
} 58
}
 Program demo
CelsiusToFahrenheit.java

59
Computation
Programmers frequently write small programs for computing
useful things

Example body mass index (BMI)

Measure of fitness
Ratio of persons weight to the square of the persons
height
Weight in is kilograms, height is in meters
Person of interest is 4.5 feet and weighs 75.5 pounds

Metric conversions
Kilograms per pound 0.454
Meters per foot 0.3046
60
Program outline for BMI.java
// Purpose: Compute BMI for given weight and height

public class BMI {

// main(): application entry point

public static void main(String[] args) {
// define constants

// set up person's characteristics

// convert to metric equivalents

// perform bmi calculation

// display result
}
}
61
BMI.java: define constants

KILOGRAMS_PER_POUND 0.454
// define constants
final double KILOGRAMS_PER_POUND = 0.454;
final double METERS_PER_FOOT = 0.3046;

METERS_PER_FOOT 0.3046

62
BMI.java: personal characteristics

weightInPounds 75.5

// set up person's characteristics

double weightInPounds = 75.5; // our persons weight
double heightInFeet = 4.5; // our persons height

heightInFeet 4.5

63
BMI.java: convert to metric equivalents
metricWeight 34.2770

// convert to metric equivalents

double metricWeight = weightInPounds *
KILOGRAMS_PER_POUND;
double metricHeight = heightInFeet *
METERS_PER_FOOT;
metricHeight 1.3706

64
BMI.java: perform BMI calculation

// perform bmi calculation

double bmi = metricWeight / (metricHeight *
metricHeight);

bmi 18.2439

65
BMI.java: display result
bmi 18.2439

// display result
System.out.println("A person with");
System.out.println(" weight " + weightInPounds + " lbs");
System.out.println(" height " + heightInFeet + " feet");
System.out.println("has a BMI of " + Math.round(bmi));

Math.round(bmi) is 18

Operator evaluation depend upon its operands

66
public static void main(String[] args) {
// define constants
final double KILOGRAMS_PER_POUND = 0.454;
final double METERS_PER_FOOT = 0.3046;

// set up person's characteristics

double weightInPounds = 75.5; // our persons weight
double heightInFeet = 4.5; // our persons height

// convert to metric equivalents

double metricWeight = weightInPounds *
KILOGRAMS_PER_POUND;
double metricHeight = heightInFeet * METERS_PER_FOOT;

// perform bmi calculation

double bmi = metricWeight / (metricHeight * metricHeight);

// display result
System.out.println("A person with");
System.out.println(" weight " + weightInPounds + " lbs");
System.out.println(" height " + heightInFeet + " feet");
System.out.println("has a BMI of " + Math.round(bmi));
}
 Program demo
BMI.java

68
Common program elements
Constant
Symbolic name for memory location whose value does not
change
KILOGRAMS_PER_POUND

Variable
Symbolic name for memory location whose value can
change
weightInPounds

69
 Removing your car in snow
SnowCar.wmv

70
BMI Calculator

71
Interactive program for BMI
Program outline
import java.util.*;

// Purpose: Compute BMI for user-specified

// weight and height

public class BMICalculator {

// main(): application entry point

public static void main(String[] args) {

// defining constants
// displaying legend
// set up input stream
// get person's characteristics
// convert to metric equivalents
// perform bmi calculation
// display result
} 72
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
// define constants
//...
// displaying legend
System.out.println ("BMI Calculator\n");
// set up input stream
Scanner stdin = new Scanner (System.in);
// get person's characteristics
System.out.print("Enter weight (lbs): ");
double weight = stdin.nextDouble();
System.out.print("Enter height (feet): ");
double height = stdin.nextDouble();
// convert to metric equivalents
double metricWeight = weight * KILOGRAMS_PER_POUND;
double metricHeight = height * METERS_PER_FOOT;
// perform bmi calculation
double bmi = metricWeight / (metricHeight * metricHeight);
// display result
//...
}
import java.util.*;
class BMICalculator {

public static void main(String[] args) {

// define constants
final double KILOGRAMS_PER_POUND = 0.454;
final double METERS_PER_FOOT = 0.3046;

// displaying legend
System.out.println ("BMI Calculator\n");

// set up input stream

Scanner stdin = new Scanner (System.in);

// get person's characteristics

System.out.print("Enter weight (lbs): ");
double weight = stdin.nextDouble();

System.out.print("Enter height (feet): ");

double height = stdin.nextDouble();

// convert to metric equivalents

double metricWeight = weight * KILOGRAMS_PER_POUND;
double metricHeight = height * METERS_PER_FOOT;

// perform bmi calculation

double bmi = metricWeight / (metricHeight * metricHeight);

// display result
System.out.println("A person with");
System.out.println(" weight " + weight + " lbs");
System.out.println(" height " + height + " feet");
System.out.println("has a BMI of " + Math.round(bmi));
}
}
 Program demo
BMICalculator.java

75
 Scanner API
public Scanner(InputStream in) // Scanner(): convenience constructor for an
// InputStream

public Scanner(File s) // Scanner(): convenience constructor for a filename

public int nextInt() // nextInt(): next input value as an int

public short nextShort() // nextShort(): next input value as a short

public long nextLong() // nextLong(): next input value as a long

public double nextDouble() // nextDouble(): next next input value as a double

public float nextFloat() // nextFloat(): next next input value as a float

public String next() // next(): get next whitespace-free string

public String nextLine() // nextLine(): return contents of input line buffer

public boolean hasNext() // hasNext(): is there a value to next

76
Casting

78
Casting
Consider the following code
double d = 3.6;
int x = Math.round(d);
Java complains (about loss of precision). Why?

Math.round() returns a long, not an int

So this is forcing a long value into an int variable

How to fix this

double d = 3.6;
int x = (int) Math.round(d);

You are telling Java that it is okay to do this

This is called casting
79
The type name is in parenthesis
More casting examples
Consider
double d = 3.6;
int x = (int) d;
At this point, x holds 3 (not 4!)
This truncates the value!

Consider
int x = 300;
byte b = (byte) x;
System.out.println (b);
What gets printed?
Recall that a byte can hold values -128 to 127
44!
This is the loss of precision
80
More on println()

81
System.out.println()

public static void main(String[] args) {

System.out.print("I think there is a world market for");
System.out.println(" maybe five computers.");
System.out.println(" Thomas Watson, IBM, 1943.");
}

Class System supplies objects that can print and read values

System variable out references the standard printing object

Known as the standard output stream

Variable out provides access to printing methods

print(): displays a value
println(): displays a value and moves cursor to the next
line
82
print() vs. println()
What do these statements output?

System.out.print (foo);
System.out.println (bar);
System.out.println ();
System.out.println (foo);
System.out.println (bar);

Output

foobar

foo
bar
83
Escape sequences
Java provides escape sequences for printing special
characters
\b backspace
\n newline
\t tab
\r carriage return
\\ backslash
\" double quote
\' single quote

84
Escape sequences
What do these statements output?

System.out.println("Person\tHeight\tShoe size");
System.out.println("=========================");
System.out.println("Hannah\t51\"\t7");
System.out.println("Jenna\t5'10\"\t9");
System.out.println("JJ\t6'1\"\t14");

Output

Person Height Shoe size

=========================
Hannah 51" 7
Jenna 5'10" 9
85
JJ 6'1" 14
What we wish computers could do

86