FYH - ERDS 1

Includes : - the lung

- a system of tube

Divided into 2 principal regions :

- conducting portion :
nasal cavity, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea,
bronchi, bronchioles & terminal bronchioles
- rerspiratory portion :
respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli
(alveoli : the greater part of the lung)

FYH - ERDS 2
 The main divisions of the
respiratory tract. The natural
proportions of these structures
have been altered for clarity; the
respiratory bronchiole, for
example, is in reality a short
transitional structure.

FYH - ERDS 3
RESPIRATORY EPITHELIUM
Ciliated
Pseudostratified
Columnar Epithelium
5 types of cell :
1. ciliated columnar
epithelium
2. mucous goblet cells
3. brush cells Photomicrograph illustrating the main components of the
respiratory epithelium. Pararosanilinetoluidine blue (PT)
4. basal cells stain. High magnification.

5. small granule cells

FYH - ERDS 4
FYH - ERDS 5
NASAL CAVITY
Consists of : - vestibule (external)
- nasal fossae (internal)

VESTIBULE
Is the most anterior and dilated portion of nasal
cavity
Numerous sebaceous & sweat glands, vibrisae
Within the vestibule keratinized (-)
respiratory epithelium before entering the nasal
fossae

FYH - ERDS 6
NASAL FOSSAE
Conchae :
- superior : specialized
olfactory epithelium
- middle respiratory
- inferior epithelium
The olfactory epithelium
olfactory chemoreceptor
located
Ciliated Pseudostratified
Columnar Epithelium
3 types of cells :
1. supporting cells
2. basal cells
3. olfactory cells Olfactory mucosa showing the 3 cell types (supporting,
olfactory, and basal) and a Bowmans gland.

FYH - ERDS 7
FYH - ERDS 8
FYH - ERDS 9
PARANASAL SINUSES
Closed cavities in the : frontal, maxillary,
ethmoid, sphenoid bones
Lined with a thinner respiratory epithelium, few
goblet cells
Communicate with nasal cavity through small
openings
Mucous product drain in to the nasal
passages by ciliated epithelial cells

FYH - ERDS 10
NASOPHARYNX

First part of the pharynx

Lined with respiratory epithelium

FYH - ERDS 11
LARYNX

Connects the pharynx to the trachea

The larger cartilge : hyaline cartilage
The smaller cartilage : elastic cartilage
Cartilage participate in producing sounds for
phonation
Below the epiglottis : - false vocal sound
- true vocal sound

FYH - ERDS 12
 TRACHEA
Mucosa :
- Ciliated Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
with goblet cells
- Lamina propria
Sub mucosa : loose connective tissue
Hyaline cartilage : 16-20 C-shaped rings
Smooth muscle fibers
Adventisia (fibrosa)

FYH - ERDS 13
FYH - ERDS 14
FYH - ERDS 15
 Section of trachea showing the
respiratory epithelium with goblet
cells and columnar ciliated cells. Also
shown are serous glands in the
lamina propria and hyaline cartilage.
The mucous fluid produced by the
goblet cells and by the glands forms
a layer that permits the ciliary
movement to propel foreign particles
out of the respiratory system. PT
stain. Medium magnification.

FYH - ERDS 16
Light photomicrograph of the trachea in a monkey (270).
There are numerous cilia (Ci) as well as goblet cells (GC) in
the epithelium. Also observe the mucous glands (MG) in the
subepithelial connective tissue and the hyaline C-ring (HC)
in the adventitia. L, lumen; PC, perichondrium.

FYH - ERDS 17
FYH - ERDS 18
 BRONCHIAL TREE
TRACHEA

BRONKUS PRIMER BRONKUS PRIMER

ka : 3 CAB. BRONKUS ki : 2 CAB.

BRONKUS

BRONKIOLUS

BRONCHIOLUS TERMINALIS

BRONCHIOLUS RESPIRATORIUS

DUCTUS ALVEOLARIS

ALVEOLUS ALVEOLUS
FYH - ERDS 19
BRONCHUS
5 mm
Mucosa : similar to the mucosa of the trachea
(Ciliated Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium)
The bronchial cartilage are more irregular shape
Larger bronchi : cartilage rings completely encircle
the lumen
Smaller bronchi : cartilage rings are replaced with
isolated plates or islands of hyaline cartilage
Lamina propria : smooth muscle layer, rich in
elastic fiber, abundance of mucous & serous gland
ducts bronchial lumen
FYH - ERDS 20
FYH - ERDS 21
 PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
CARTILAGE
MUSCULARIS
ADIPOSE TISSUE

FYH - ERDS 22
 Hyaline cartilage

FYH - ERDS 23
FYH - ERDS 24
BRONCHIOLES
5 mm
Mucosa : - cartilage & glands (-)
- scattered goblet cells

TERMINAL BRONCHIOLES
RESPIRATORY BRONCHIOLES

FYH - ERDS 25
FYH - ERDS 26
FYH - ERDS 27
TERMINAL BRONCHIOLES

Ciliated Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

Ciliated Simple Columnar Epithelium Ciliated
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
Clara cells :
- (-) cilia
- (+) secretory granules in their apex
- secrete protein protect the bronchiolar lining
against oxidative pollutants and inflamation
- lamina propria : smooth muscle, elastic fiber

FYH - ERDS 28
 Clara cells in the epithelium of a terminal
bronchiole. These cells show secretory
granules and a bulging apical cytoplasm. PT
stain. High magnification.

FYH - ERDS 29
FYH - ERDS 30
RESPIRATORY BRONCHIOLES

Transition between conducting and respiratory

Mucosa : identical to the terminal bronchioles,
except their walls are interrupted by numerous
sacklike alveoli proceeding distally alveoli
Ciliated Cuboidal Epithelium & Clara cells
Smooth muscle and elastic fiber

FYH - ERDS 31
Section of a terminal bronchiole with a small portion of a respiratory bronchiole continuous with an alveolar
duct and many alveoli. PT stain. Low magnification.

FYH - ERDS 32
FYH - ERDS 33
ALVEOLAR DUCTS
Proceeding distally the number of alveolar
openings alveolar ducts
Alveolar duct & alveoli lined with squamous cells
Lamina propria : smooth muscle disappears at the
distal ends of alveolar ducts
Alveolar ducts atria that communicate with alveolar
sacs
Elastic fiber : - enable the alveoli to expand
- contract passively with expiration
Reticular fibers :
- prevent overdistention
- prevent damage to the delicate capillaries and
thin alveolar septa
FYH - ERDS 34
FYH - ERDS 35
Transition of a terminal bronchiole into an alveolar duct (arrow). Note the
Clara cells (arrowheads). PT stain. Medium magnification.

FYH - ERDS 36
 ALVEOLUS
Sacklike evaginations of the respiratory bronchioles,
alveolar ducts, alveolar sacks
Resemble small pockets that are open on one side
similar to the honeycombs of a beehive
Exchange of O2 and CO2 between air & blood
Each wall lies between 2 alveoli interalveolar
septum
An interalveolar septum consists of 2 thin squamous
epithelial layers :
- type I cells = squamous alveolar cells
- type II cells = surfactant cells
FYH - ERDS 37
FYH - ERDS 38
FYH - ERDS 39
TYPE I CELLS

Line the alveolar surface

Cells are so thin (25nm)
Desmosomal & occluding junctions prevent
leackage of tissue fluid into alveolar air space
To provide a barrier minimal thickness that is
readily permeable to gases

FYH - ERDS 40
TYPE II CELLS

Interspersed among the type I cells

Desmosomal and occluding junctions
Divided by mitosis replace type I & II pupolation
Exhibit a characteristic vesicular or foamy
cytoplasm, by presence of lamellar bodies
Lamellar bodies pulmomary surfactant alveolar
surface tension
Without surfactant alveoli collaps (expiration)
Surfactant appears in the last week of gestation

FYH - ERDS 41
Secretion of surfactant by a type II cell. Surfactant is a protein-lipid complex synthesized in the rough
endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex and stored in the lamellar bodies. It is continuously secreted by
means of exocytosis (arrows) and forms an overlying monomolecular film of lipid covering an underlying
aqueous hypophase. Occluding junctions around the margins of the epithelial cells prevent leakage of tissue
fluid into the alveolar lumen.

FYH - ERDS 42
LUNG MACROPHAGE
= alveolar macrophage = dust cells
Found in the anterior of the interalveolar septum,
often seen on the surface of the alveolus
The alveolar macrophage never passed through
the epithelial lining that scavenge the outer
surface of the epithelium carried to the pharynx
swallowed

FYH - ERDS 43
FYH - ERDS 44
ALVEOLAR PORES

To connect neighboring alveoli

Equalize air pressure in the alveoli
Promote the collateral circulation of air when a
bronchiole is obstructed

FYH - ERDS 45
BLOOD AND LYMPH CIRCULATION
Blood and lymph
circulation in a pulmonary
lobule. Both vessels and
bronchi are enlarged out
of proportion in this
drawing. In the
interlobular septum, only
one vein (on the left) and
one lymphatic vessel (on
the right) are shown,
although both actually
coexist in both regions. At
the lower left, an
enlargement of the pleura
shows its mesothelial
lining. (Modified and
reproduced, with
permission, from Ham AW:
Histology, 6th ed.
Lippincott, 1969.)
FYH - ERDS 46
FYH - ERDS 47